Abstract
A binder plays an important role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially for the electrode materials which have large volume expansion during charge and discharge. In this work, we designed a cross-linked polymeric binder with an esterification reaction of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Fumaric Acid (FA), and successfully used it in an Sb2O3 anode for LIBs. Compared with conventional binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and CMC, the new cross-linked binder improves the electrochemical stability of the Sb2O3 anode. Specifically, with CMC-FA binder, the battery could deliver ~611.4 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles under the current density of 0.2 A g−1, while with PVDF or CMC binder, the battery degraded to 265.1 and 322.3 mAh g−1, respectively. The improved cycling performance is mainly due to that the cross-linked CMC-FA network could not only efficiently improve the contact between Sb2O3 and conductive agent, but can also buffer the large volume charge of the electrode during repeated charge/discharge cycles.
Highlights
Nowadays, advanced energy conversion and storage devices, such as supercapacitor, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and solar cells, have gradually become research hotspots to manage the energy supply for future sustainable resources [1,2,3,4]
The crystalline structure of the as-synthesized samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 ADVANCE, Cu kα source), and the microstructures and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-5610LV, JEOL, Akishima, Japan), and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JSM-2100F, 200 kV, Hitachinaka, Naka, Japan) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, FEI, TecnaiG2 F30, 200kV, Hitachinaka, Naka, Japan)
The specific surface area of the sample was calculate based on Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method through nitrogen gas adsorption isotherms measured by using a BEL mini instrument
Summary
Nowadays, advanced energy conversion and storage devices, such as supercapacitor, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and solar cells, have gradually become research hotspots to manage the energy supply for future sustainable resources [1,2,3,4]. To stabilize an Sb2 O3 electrode, many researchers have been working on controlling the morphology of Sb2 O3 , such as synthesizing porous Sb2 O3 [32] and Sb2 O3 nanowires [33], and decorating Sb2 O3 with different carbon materials; for instance, carbon cloth [34], reduced graphene oxide [35] and so on Even though these methods can improve the electrochemical performance of Sb2 O3 electrodes, the synthesis processes are complex and of high cost, which limits their wide application. Liu et al synthesized a stable cross-linking polymeric network of CMC and citric acid (CA) and used it in silicon-based anodes of LIBs, in which an enhanced cycling stability was obtained comparing to linear polymeric PVDF and CMC binders [36]. This effective solution for enhancing cycling stability of Sb2 O3 in LIBs is simple and inexpensive, and could facilitate the commercialization of Sb2 O3 for LIBs
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