Abstract
This study presents Sargassum duplicatum-derived biochar as an efficient solution for removing heavy metals from various water sources, addressing a critical sustainability need. Achieving a remarkable adsorption efficiency of 617 mg/g within 4 h at pH 5 and 150 rpm, surpassing previous findings, the biochar demonstrates exceptional efficacy. Impressively, it achieves removal efficiencies of 97.56% in tap water and 99.05% in seawater. Investigating various heavy metals, the study reveals differential adsorption and removal efficiencies across different water sources. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses, the study elucidates the biochar's porous structure and significant surface area, enhancing its effectiveness. Notable attributes include low-temperature sensitivity, pH 5 optimization, and excellent fits to Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order kinetics models. This research underscores Sargassum duplicatum-derived biochar as a chemically active material, offering a promising solution to water contamination challenges with innovation and remarkable efficiency.
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