Abstract
Simple SummaryThe fungus gnat (Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang) is a major pest of chive (Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng) that can cause more than 50% yield losses during chive production in China. The neonicotinoid, neuroactive insecticide clothianidin has been widely used for chive gnat control; however, following intensive use of this compound, its effects on chive gnat have been markedly reduced, possibly due to the development of insecticide resistance. Hexaflumuron is an insect growth regulator which disrupts chitin synthesis during molting by inhibiting the incorporation of N-acetyl glucosamine monomers into the integument chitin of insects. The present study shows that co-drenching of clothianidin and hexaflumuron enhanced chive absorption of clothianidin, resulting in significant improvement in control of fungus gnat. Additionally, the terminal residues of clothianidin in chive were lower than the maximum residue limit in chive set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, hence, the chive could be safe for consumption.The fungus gnat is a major pest of chive in China. Its control has been relied heavily on the application of clothianidin. Due to the intensive application, its control efficacy become reduced. The present study was intended to evaluate co-drenching of clothianidin with hexaflumuron on absorption and dissipation of clothianidin in chive plants and soils and determine the effect of such application on control efficacies. Chive production fields in Guangdong and Hubei Provinces were drenched with clothianidin alone and a mixture of clothianidin and hexaflumuron at low application rates. Concentrations of clothianidin in chive plants and soils were analyzed by HPLC. Results showed that co-application had higher control efficacies against the fungus gnat than clothianidin alone. The co-application enhanced clothianidin absorption and dissipation and extended the half-lives of clothianidin in chive. It was likely that hexaflumuron protected chive roots from larva damage, and healthy roots absorbed more clothianidin, resulting in the extension of the half-lives. Additionally, the terminal residues of clothianidin in chive after 14 days of application were lower than the maximum residue limit in chive set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. This study for the first time documented that co-application of clothianidin and hexaflumuron improved chive plants in absorption and dissipation of clothianidin and enhanced fungus gnat control efficacies.
Highlights
Chive (Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng) is a perennial herbaceous vegetable that has high nutritional and economic value in Eastern Asia [1]
AAss sshhoowwnn iinn Figuurree 1A,B the accumulation factor (AF) valuueess across the experimentaall duratiioonn were much higher in chive shoots applied with 330% SC than those applied with 48% suspension concentrate (48% SC) regardless of production location
This study evaluated the absorption and dissipation of clothianidin in Chinese chive applied through drenching of clothianidin only or in combination with hexaflumuron into roots of chive plants produced in Guangdong and Hubei provinces, China
Summary
Chive (Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng) is a perennial herbaceous vegetable that has high nutritional and economic value in Eastern Asia [1]. Ex Spreng) is a perennial herbaceous vegetable that has high nutritional and economic value in Eastern Asia [1]. It is native to China, commonly known as Chinese chive and has a long history of cultivation. The plant grows by expanding perennial rhizomes and readily sprouts from seeds. Its green leaves are flat and grass-like about 35 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. Shoots are cut during the growing season as fresh-leaved vegetable and has garlic like flavor. New shoots will emerge and can be cut again several times. In addition to being used as fresh vegetable, Chinese chive has been used as a medicinal plant [2]
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