Abstract
Summary Atomic layer deposition (ALD) improves the durability of metal catalysts using nanoscale metal oxide coatings. However, targeted coating strategies and economic models are lacking for process-specific deactivation challenges that account for implications at scale. Herein, we apply Al2O3 ALD to Pd/TiO2 to increase durability during hydrogenation of muconic acid, a bio-based platform chemical, to adipic acid. Initial coating development and characterization are performed on the milligram scale using stop-flow ALD. Subsequently, ALD coating scale is increased by 3 orders of magnitude using fluidized bed ALD. Activity, leaching resistance, and thermal stability are evaluated at each synthesis scale. ALD-coated catalysts retain up to 2-fold greater muconic acid hydrogenation activity and undergo significantly less physical restructuring than uncoated Pd/TiO2 after high-temperature treatments, while reducing Pd leaching by over 4-fold. Techno-economic analysis for an adipic acid biorefinery supports increased ALD material costs through catalyst lifetime extension, underscoring the potential viability of this technology.
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