Abstract
This work addresses the design and implementation of a broadband differential rectifier (DR) combined with an Archimedean spiral dipole antenna (ASDA) for wireless power harvesting at low incident power densities below 200 W/cm. The proposed design exhibits an improved RF-DC conversion efficiency over a wide frequency range from 1.2 to 5 GHz. This frequency band is associated with several wireless communication services, for instance, ISM, WLAN, 5G, LTE, and GPS applications. The receiving planar ASDA exhibits circular polarization and has an average measured gain of 4.5 dBi from 1.2 to 5 GHz. To enable a wide operating bandwidth, the rectifier circuit is constituted by two architectures, designated A and B. Each scheme is designed to harvest power efficiently across a specific bandwidth. The optimal performance of both rectifiers are obtained using the nonlinear harmonic-balance simulations. The antenna–rectifier integration yields a compact rectenna with a high-efficiency performance over the intended bandwidth from 1.2 to 5 GHz for an input power of 9 dBm and terminal load resistance of 1 k. The total measured RF-DC conversion efficiency is maintained above 30% across the entire frequency range with a peak value of 61% achieved at 1.2 GHz. In comparison with similar architectures, the proposed rectenna maintains a stable output efficiency despite the wide fluctuations in the input frequency and also has a minimum footprint size (58 × 55 mm).
Highlights
In the past few decades, owing to the explosive growth of the microelectronics industry and semiconductor technology, electronic products, which have become increasingly miniaturized and increasingly complex, have played a very important role in transforming the human society.The emergence of numerous electronic devices, such as laptops and mobile phones, has changed human lifestyle
For S11 evaluation, a single balance–unbalanced transmission line (BALUN) is terminated with 140 Ω and its port is connected to a coaxial cable (50 Ω)
A two-arm Archimedean spiral antenna can be considered as a dipole, the arms of which are wrapped into the shape of an Archimdean spiral (Figure 2)
Summary
In the past few decades, owing to the explosive growth of the microelectronics industry and semiconductor technology, electronic products, which have become increasingly miniaturized and increasingly complex, have played a very important role in transforming the human society. In the work in [20], a distributed array of antennas with an optimized power-management circuit was introduced to increase the harvested power and efficiency. It offered a significant advantage in terms of the wide bandwidth, efficiency, and value of received power density. A peak efficiency of 65.3% was achieved at a received power of 2.19 dBm at 980 MHz. A differential rectifier (DR) with high RF−dc conversion efficiency over an extended input power range was investigated by using a resistance compression network (RCN) [24].
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