Enhanced biosorption of bisphenol A from wastewater using hydroxyapatite elaborated from fish scales and camel bone meal: A RSM@BBD optimization approach

Abstract

In this work, camel bone biowaste and fish scales were used as a source for the production of hydroxyappatite. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was extracted from fish scales (FS) and camel bone meal (CBM) using the alkaline heat treatment method. The HAP prepared was analyzed by different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The HAP developed from FS and CBM biomaterials was used as a highly effective green adsorbent to eliminate bisphenol A (BPA) from water. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models were well fitted with the kinetic and adsorption isotherm data, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 74.128 and 89.828 mg/g, respectively for FS and CBM. The BPA adsorption on FS and CBM were optimized by the surface response methodology and the Box Behnken Design (RSM@BBD). The optimal factors were obtained to be for FS (% Removal = 83.51%), an adsorbent dose of 1.375 g/L, Ci of 5 mg/L and contact temp 115.6 min and for CBM (% Removal = 79.38%) were an adsorbent dose of 1.1 g/L, Ci of 6.99 mg/L and contact temp 106.3 min.