Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) titanium is a suitable material for use in customized implants. However, long-term implant survival requires both successful osseointegration and promising antibacterial characteristics. Native SLM titanium thus requires proper modifications to improve its bioactivity and antibacterial efficacy. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was conducted on sandblasted SLM substrate to form a microporous TiO2 coating. Subsequently, hydrothermal treatment was applied to fabricate micro-nano zinc-incorporated coatings with different Zn content (1 mM-Zn and 100 μM-Zn). Surface characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, a three-dimensional profilometer, and a contact angle measuring device. The osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1, Subclone 14, was used in cell viability assays to evaluate adhesion, proliferation, and ALP activity. An antibacterial assay was conducted using Streptococcus sanguinis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Zn-incorporated samples exhibited higher adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation than did SLM and MAO samples. 100 μM Zn samples exhibited the highest proliferation, and 1 mM-Zn samples manifested the highest ALP activity. In addition, Zn-incorporated samples exerted inhibitory effects on both Streptococcus sanguinis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Combining micro-arc oxidation and hydrothermal treatment, we successfully fabricated a novel Zn-incorporated coating on a microporous SLM surface which possesses both outstanding bioactivity and antibacterial efficacy.
Highlights
Dental implants are the prior choice for patients suffering tooth loss due to predictable clinical outcomes [1]
Despite that Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) has been widely used in implant surface modification, here we present a novel method to combine MAO and zinc element of the Selective laser melting (SLM) substrate, which both improves biological performance and enhances antibacterial efficacy with the ultimate aim of improving customized dental implant success rates and reducing the risk of peri-implant inflammation
Some residual unmelted titanium spheres were found on the rough SLM surface while porous structures 2–5 μm in size were found formed on MAO samples
Summary
Dental implants are the prior choice for patients suffering tooth loss due to predictable clinical outcomes [1]. With the rapid development of computer-aided design (CAD) and additive manufacturing (AM), personalized implants can significantly simplify clinical procedure and shorten treatment times. As manufacturing processes continue to advance, an increasing variety of customized implants are entering clinical use. Selective laser melting (SLM), one of the most modern types of additive manufacturing (AM), is well suited to fabricate customized implants or bone substitutes with free-form geometry [5,6,7]. Since the bone-implant interface is crucial to osseointegration, numerous studies have focused on evaluating the biocompatible properties of the SLM surface [8,9,10,11]. Compared to conventional machineprocessed titanium, the biocompatibility of SLM substrate
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