Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that some bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), can exert cellular protective effects when encapsulated with viable β-cells via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms. However, to explore their full potential, formulating such bile acids (that are intrinsically lipophilic) can be challenging, particularly if larger doses are required for optimal pharmacological effects. One promising approach is the development of nano gels. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine biological effects of various concentrations of CDCA using various solubilising nano gel systems on encapsulated β-cells. Methods: Using our established cellular encapsulation system, the Ionic Gelation Vibrational Jet Flow technology, a wide range of CDCA β-cell capsules were produced and examined for morphological, biological, and inflammatory profiles. Results and Conclusion: Capsules’ morphology and topographic characteristics remained similar, regardless of CDCA or nano gel concentrations. The best pharmacological, anti-inflammatory, and cellular respiration, metabolism, and energy production effects were observed at high CDCA and nano gel concentrations, suggesting dose-dependent cellular protective and positive effects of CDCA when incorporated with high loading nano gel.
Highlights
Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that some bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), can exert cellular protective effects when encapsulated with viable β-cells via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms
Diabetes mellitus is a condition that is characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia and inflammation, which is divisible into two primary classifications; type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1,2]
T1D is the result of autoimmune destruction of insulin producing β cells of the pancreas, whilst T2D is the result of decreased insulin sensitivity [2,3]
Summary
Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that some bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), can exert cellular protective effects when encapsulated with viable β-cells via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress mechanisms. To explore their full potential, formulating such bile acids (that are intrinsically lipophilic) can be challenging, if larger doses are required for optimal pharmacological effects. This study aimed to examine biological effects of various concentrations of CDCA using various solubilising nano gel systems on encapsulated βcells. Diabetes is an extremely pervasive condition in Australia, affecting 4.8%.
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