Abstract
The conventional description of high energy proton-nucleus collisions in terms of an intranuclear cascade and compound nuclear decay (the two-step model) breaks down at projectile energies ${E}_{p}>10$ GeV. Unusual backward enhancements are found in the angular distribution of heavy fragments (Sc, Cu) from uranium targets. This effect is explained in a fast breakup model of deep spallation/cleavage processes. The observed backward emission originates in the competition between (backward-directed) Coulomb repulsion and (forward-directed) momentum components from recoiling nucleons.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{238}\mathrm{U}(p, x)^{47}\mathrm{Sc}$; ${T}_{p}=40\ensuremath{-}400$ GeV, cleavage model to explain double differential cross section.
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