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Abstract
A novel double-layered antibacterial coating was fabricated on pure titanium (Ti) via a simple three-step electrodeposition process. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images show that the coating was constructed with the inner layer of TiO2 nanotubes doped with silver nanoparticles (TNTs/Ag) and the outer layer of chitosan–gelatin mixture with zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles (CS–Gel–Ag–ZnO). In comparison, we also investigated the composition, structure and antibacterial properties of pure Ti coated with TNTs, TNTs/Ag or TNTs/Ag + CS–Gel–Ag–ZnO, respectively. The TNTs was about 100 nm wide and 240 nm to 370 nm tall, and most Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with diameter smaller than 20 nm were successfully deposited inside the tubes. The CS–Gel–Ag–ZnO layer was continuous and uniform. Antibacterial activity against planktonic and adherent bacteria were both investigated. Agar diffusion test against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) shows improved antibacterial capacity of the TNTs/Ag + CS–Gel–Ag–ZnO coating, with a clear zone of inhibition (ZOI) up to 14.5 mm wide. Dead adherent bacteria were found on the surface by SEM. The antibacterial rate against planktonic S. aureus was as high as 99.2% over the 24 h incubation period.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys as biomedical materials have gained much attention over recent decades due to their superior biocompatibility as well as low cytotoxicity, high wear and corrosion resistance, and high fatigue strength.[1]
Using pure titanium as a substrate, we obtained a TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs)/Ag + CS–Gel–Ag–ZnO coating with excellent antibacterial properties by anodization and electrodeposition
The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other characterization method indicate that the Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) rmly adhered to and were evenly distributed in the TNTs, and the Ag+ release rate was signi cantly reduced, which should be helpful for reducing the cytotoxicity and prolonging its life-span
Summary
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys as biomedical materials have gained much attention over recent decades due to their superior biocompatibility as well as low cytotoxicity, high wear and corrosion resistance, and high fatigue strength.[1]. Chitosan (CS) is a kind of antimicrobial polymers that is frequently employed as scaffold and implant coating material.[34] For instance, Li et al.[15] fabricated CS/Ag complex coatings on NiTi alloy via electrochemical codeposition They compared the antibacterial properties of Ag, CS and CS/Ag coated Ti and found that antibacterial rates of Ag and CS were very close, whereas the CS/Ag coating exhibited strongest antibacterial activity due to the highest release rate of Ag ions. Due to the intrinsic antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria of the CS, ZnO and Ag NPs, and the synergistic effect between ZnO and Ag, the novel composite coating in our work reaches a signi cantly high antibacterial rate of 99.2%, which shows the promising applications in the elds of orthopedic and dental implants. The in vitro antibacterial properties of the four samples (including one bare Ti as the control) were investigated by agar diffusion method and plate counting method, and their results are presented in the form of inhibition zones, SEM micrographs and antibacterial rates
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