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Abstract
Recent developments in the weed science and allied aspects have involved several interdisciplinary approaches. In this context, indiscriminate use of herbicides for weed control has become a questionable subject, that besides controlling the weeds, the chemical herbicides are harmful in many ways to the soil, crops, other plants and the environment as a whole. To this end, pot and field experiments were conducted to test whether sunflower rhizosphere soil (SRSS) in pot and sunflower green manuring (SGM) in field experiments at various stages; 75, 90,105 and 120 days after sowing (DAS) can reduce Parthenium hysterophorus. Sunflower cv. Myhco was screened at various stages viz. 75, 90,105 and 120 days after sowing (DAS) through green manuring for field experiments and rhizosphere soil for pot experiments. Two cover crops, green gram (Vigna radiata) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were used. In pot experiment, SRSS at various stages was compared with non sunflower rhizosphere soil (NSRSS). Growth and yield attributes of P. hysterophorus was compared between SGM and SGM along with cover crops and control in field experiments. Field experiments revealed that all growth and yield attributes of P. hysterophorus were inhibited maximum at 75 DAS of SGM with treatment SGM + pearl millet (PM) and the inhibitory effect decreased with increase of sunflower stage growing in the field. Pot experiments showed that SRSS at 75 DAS proved maximum inhibition to growth and yield attributes of P. hysterophorus as compared to higher stages. Allelochemicals were identified from sunflower through paper chromatography and subjected to spectroscopic analysis viz. ultraviolet, intra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra etc., for confirmation. These results suggest that sunflower green manuring and its rhizosphere soil has herbicidal potential and may be utilized as biological control of weeds for sustainable agriculture and environmental safeguard. Key words: Green manuring, rhizosphere soil, allelochemicals, cover crops
Highlights
IntroductionParthenium hysterophorus (L.) Beauv. (bitter weed, fever few, congress grass, white top) is very common along the roadsides, around the agricultural fields and on wastelands
Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) Beauv. is very common along the roadsides, around the agricultural fields and on wastelands
Field experiments revealed that all growth and yield attributes of P. hysterophorus were inhibited maximum at 75 days after sowing (DAS) of sunflower green manuring (SGM) with treatment SGM + pearl millet (PM) and the inhibitory effect decreased with increase of sunflower stage growing in the field
Summary
Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) Beauv. (bitter weed, fever few, congress grass, white top) is very common along the roadsides, around the agricultural fields and on wastelands. The phenomenon of allelopathy where one plant exerts a detrimental effect on another through the production of germination and growth inhibiting substances has been widely reported (Shaukat et al, 1983; Rizvi et al, 2000). It can play an important role in regulating plant diversity (Chou and Lee, 1991). Due to increase in the number of herbicide-resistant weeds and environmental concerns in the use of synthetic herbicides, there have been considerable efforts in designing alternative weed management strategies. The conventional synthetic herbicides are becoming less effective against the resistant weed biotypes. Herbicides have been shown to control weeds effectively, but the
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