Abstract
The massive increase of wireless communications in the world calls for responsible actions by governments in order to prevent possible health hazards. In addition to cellular towers overcrowding in urban areas, it is also important to consider other radio frequency radiations from different sources. The electric field intensity is one of the fundamental parameters to assess the exposure of human beings to Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR). In this study, all main non-ionizing radiation sources in the urban area of Natal, Brazil (a city of about 860.000 inhabitants) were located and characterized with respect to frequency band, telecommunications service and integrated electric field strength. Measurements of far electric field intensity with frequency ranging from 30 MHz to 3 GHz were made in a survey of 140 outdoor points spread across all the 167.26 km2 area of the city. The results obtained have made it possible to draw a map of the regions of the city according to different electric field and exposure ratio (ER) intensities. In 71.4% of the sampled outdoor points, the highest exposure ratio measured were originated from TV broadcasting services, 22.1% from Transmissions Cellular Towers and 6.4% from Frequency Modulated Broadcasting. Key words: Non-ionizing radiation, electric field intensity, TV broadcasting, radio frequency radiation, measurement of radio frequency radiation, propagation in Urban Areas, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
Highlights
Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) is the radiation in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum below 300 GHz where there is insufficient energy to cause ionization (ANATEL, 2002)
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro established the Precautionary Principle which has become the basis for environmental policies carried out by many countries, besides being the landmark for the
The Precautionary Principle is part of Principle 15 of the Declaration of Rio (2013) and states that “In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities
Summary
Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) is the radiation in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum below 300 GHz where there is insufficient energy to cause ionization (ANATEL, 2002). The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro established the Precautionary Principle which has become the basis for environmental policies carried out by many countries, besides being the landmark for the. Essays structuring of the Environmental Law. The Precautionary Principle is part of Principle 15 of the Declaration of Rio (2013) and states that “In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation”
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
