Abstract
Control measures of livestock ticks based on chemicals has become worrisome because of the development of resistance, especially in the case of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. It has become imperative to search for alternative tick control methods. Thus, the toxicity of the essential oil of Clausena anisata was evaluated on larvae of Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus in the laboratory in comparison with flumethrin, a reference chemical acaricide. Tests were carried out with Whatman paper circles impregnated with 200 µL of the essential oil of C. anisata either pure or diluted with palm kernel oil (v/v) at concentrations of 0.0625, 0.05, 0.042, 0.03125, 0.025, 0.020, 0.0156, 0.0125 and 0.01. A total of 100 larvae aged 15-21 days were tested with the respective doses on filter paper in Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were incubated at 28 ± 1°C, 85-95% RH and mortalities were recorded after 24 h. Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of C. anisata major compounds were estragol (57.06%) and trans-anethole (29.88%), constituting 86.94% of the crude extract. Dilution of 0.0625 caused 100% larval mortality in the three species. The mortalities were similar for A. variegatum and Rh. (B.) decoloratus at the LD50 (0.021). The LD99 of R. (B.) decoloratus was the lowest (0.075). Flumethrin was very toxic with 100% mortality for A. variegatum even at the lowest dose (0.01), unlike species of the genus, Rhipicephalus (B.) which were less sensitive. These results on the use of C. anasata as bio-acaricide and further studies will provide a perspective in response to the resistance of ticks to chemical acaricides. Key words: Cattle, ticks, larvae, Clausena anisata, Modified Larval Packet Test (MLPT), bio-acaricide.
Highlights
Livestock ticks cause heavy economic losses to breeders through reduced productivity, leather recovery and the diseases they transmit (Walker, 2014; Farougou et al.,2013)
The acaricidal activity of this essential oil on the larvae of three tick species and the capacity of palm kernel oil used as solvent, to retain the acaricidal constituents in the essential oil, were studied
Palm kernel oil had no effect on the larvae which in these experimental conditions survived during an average of three months for A. variegatum and two months for R. (B) decoloratus and R. (B) microplus (Table 2)
Summary
Livestock ticks cause heavy economic losses to breeders through reduced productivity, leather recovery and the diseases they transmit (Walker, 2014; Farougou et al.,2013). Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus has become resistant to several molecules belonging to various classes of chemical acaricides (Adehan et al, 2016; Abbas et al, 2014) This tick, which is able to displace other species of the same genus, has spread to several African sub-regions at present (Boka et al, 2017; Biguezoton et al, 2016; Boka et al, 2014; Madder et al, 2012). Several authors (Yessinou et al, 2016; Chagas et al, 2014) have shown that some plant essential oils have acaricidal properties, these essential oils are volatile These bio-acaricides, because of the many constituents, and their multiple modes of action, the appearance of resistance in ticks is reduced unlike chemical acaricides (Villaverde et al, 2016). The acaricidal activity of this essential oil on the larvae of three tick species and the capacity of palm kernel oil used as solvent, to retain the acaricidal constituents in the essential oil, were studied
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