Abstract
In recent years, pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) have aggravated increasing anxiety, particularly as no legitimate requirements have been set for discharge into surface water bodies of these ubiquitous, persistent and biologically active substances. Massive quantities of antibiotics are used in human and veterinary medicines in all parts of the globe to treat diseases with bacterial origins. After administration, antibiotics are excreted by the patient and transmitted in due course to the aquatic environment. These are also largely used in animal operations for growth promotion and for disease prophylaxis. These are often partially metabolized after administration and a significant fraction of the antibiotic can be excreted as the parent compound or in conjugated forms that can be converted back to the parent antibiotic. The residual antibiotics from human and animal use can enter the environment via various pathways, including wastewater effluent discharge, runoff from land to which agricultural or human waste has been applied, and leaching which deteriorate the whole ecosystem besides its deleterious impact on human health and aquatic organisms. Antibiotic resistance is a global phenomenon that has severe epidemiological ramifications worldwide and a major peril to public health. This article may give an idea about the sources and fate of commonly used antibiotics detected. More research is needed to quantify the risk of antibiotics in urban wastewater and effluents or surface water so that appropriate action can be taken prior to final discharge into surface water bodies to mitigate the harmful effects on aquatic environment and community health. Key words: Antibiotics, antibiotics resistance, antibiotics resistance bacteria, health hazards, microbial activity, wastewater.
Highlights
An ntibiotiics and d antib biotic rresista ant bac cteria in wastewaterr: Impa act on enviro onmen nt, soil micro obial activ vity and d hum man hea alth
Pharma aceutical com mpounds (PhCs) have a aggravated in ncreasing an nxiety, partic cularly as no legitima ate requireme ents have be een set for discharge d intto surface w water bodies of these ub biquitous, persistent and a biologic cally active substances
The results suggested that the risks may arise from the inhalation of dust contaminated with antibiotics
Summary
An ntibiotiics and d antib biotic rresista ant bac cteria in wastewaterr: Impa act on enviro onmen nt, soil micro obial activ vity and d hum man hea alth. They have important uses in both human and veterinary medicine for their antibacterial properties and as growth promoters Their consumption has increased worldwide, and their residues are frequently reported in aquatic environments. Antibiotics used in human medicine are found at trace concen-trations in municipal wastewaters, and residual amounts reach ambient waters Once administered, they are metabolized to varying degrees, and their excreted metabolites and unaltered parent compounds can undergo further modification due to biological, chemical and physical processes in both sewage treatment facilities and receiving water bodies (Deblonde et al, 2011; Fatta-Kassinos et al, 2011; Miege et al, 2009; Monteiro and Boxall, 2010; Onesios et al, 2009). These results are reported with a view to aiding scientists and administrators in planning measures aiming to reduce the impact of antibiotics in treated urban wastewater discharge into surface water bodies
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