Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency and toxicity are widespread problems in many agricultural crops, including citrus. Boron stresses affect the normal growth and development of citrus plants, and cause impairments of cellular functions and physiological processes in citrus plants. There has been significant progress in our understanding of the physiological responses and the tolerance of citrus plants to B stresses during the past decade. This paper reviews the effects of B stresses on citrus growth, root morphology, plant mineral nutrients, leaf structure, carbohydrates, pigments, photosynthetic enzymes, photosynthesis and antioxidant system, and the tolerance mechanisms (differences in cultivars, rootstocks and scion-rootstock combinations, root morphology, B uptake and distribution) of citrus plants to B stresses. Some aspects that need to be further studied were also discussed. Key words: Antioxidant system, boron deficiency, boron toxicity, citrus, photosynthesis, tolerance to boron stresses.
Highlights
The science and technology of fish have improved much (Yueh et al, 2005; Twan et al, 2006; Tomy et al, 2007)
Our data indicate that the values declined significantly (P < 0.05) with dissolved oxygen amount after anesthetization, the values increased significantly (P < 0.05) with blood carbon dioxide amount after anesthetization with local anesthetic
Red blood cell distribution width standard deviation (RDW-SD), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV) significantly increased (P < 0.05) but PLT values dropped to 30% of the originally worth with local anesthetics
Summary
The science and technology of fish have improved much (Yueh et al, 2005; Twan et al, 2006; Tomy et al, 2007). Human local anesthetics is called conductive anesthesia. The aquatic region because they can be fast conducted by water They can anesthetize the living beings in the aquatic region (King, 2006). Hematology studies will be a valuable tool for prognosis and primary diagnosis in some infectious diseases. The aims of this study were to analyze and compare the clinical hematological changes under anesthetization in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus auratus) due to the treatment with human local anesthetics. These data and statistical results could be a useful database for prognosis and primary diagnosis in some infectious diseases of fish
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