Abstract
This study investigated the co-carriage of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing lactose non-fermenting (LNF) Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry birds. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between September, 2016 and March, 2017. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. ESBL screening disc kit was used to detect ESBL activities. Detection of ESBL and PMQR genes was carried out by means of polymerase chain reaction. In total, 207 LNF Enterobacteriaeae isolates were recovered from the cloacal swabs of poultry birds within the Calabar Metropolis. ESBL-producing isolates were 162 (78.3%) while fluroquinolone resistant isolates were 194 (93.7%). Among the ESBL-producing isolates, resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Nalidixic acid was 55 (34.2%), 26 (16.1%), 35 (21.7%), 50 (31.1%), and 162 (100%), respectively. About 65% of the quinolone resistant isolates were positive for at least one of the PMQR and ESBL genes in this study. Strict antimicrobial screening, surveillance of resistant isolates as well as the judicious practice of antimicrobial administration in the poultry setting with special emphasis on fluoroquinolones is advised given the high prevalence of co-existent ESBL and PMQR genes. Key words: LNF enterobacteriaeae, Extended spectrum beta-lactamases, quinolone resistance
Highlights
A serious concern is arising on the coexistence of Extended beta lactamase (ESBL) and Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) producing non-lactose fermenting Enterobactericeae in animal husbandry which could be dangerous to humans especially in strains that may not be routinely screened for antibiotic resistance
A total of 207 Lactose Non-Fermenting (LNF) Enterobacteriaeae isolates were recovered from the cloacal swabs of poultry birds within the Calabar Metropolis
1 1 4 7 different bacterial strains and species (Osińska et al, 2016; Redgrave et al, 2014). This potential exacerbates the development of multi drug resistance because PMQR reportedly reduces microbial susceptibility to antibiotics and supports the occurrence of resistance-associated mutations on bacterial chromosomes, making Enterebacteriaceae infections much more difficult to treat
Summary
A serious concern is arising on the coexistence of Extended beta lactamase (ESBL) and Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) producing non-lactose fermenting Enterobactericeae in animal husbandry which could be dangerous to humans especially in strains that may not be routinely screened for antibiotic resistance. Resistance is common to the most frequently used antibiotics. The frequently recommended antimicrobial agents for common infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae are beta-lactams and quinolones/fluoroquinolones (in severe cases) (Bajaj et al 2016). There seems to be a linkage between resistance to quinolone and beta lactam antibiotics. Resistant plasmids carrying genes encoding for ESBL usually carry genes encoding for quinolone resistance and this has given rise to PMQR in the Enterobacteriaceae family (Ni et al, 2016; Sun et al, 2014)
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