Abstract
Fusarium is one of the major fungal genera associated with maize in Africa. This genus comprises several toxigenic species including F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, which are the most prolific producers of fumonisins. The fumonisins are a group of economically important mycotoxins and very common contaminants of maize-based foods and feeds throughout the world. They have been found to be associated with several animal diseases such as leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary oedema in pigs. Effects of fumonisins on humans are not yet well understood. However, their occurrence in maize has been associated with high incidences of oesophageal and liver cancer. Infection of maize by Fusarium species and contamination with fumonisins are generally influenced by many factors including environmental conditions (climate, temperature, humidity), insect infestation and pre- and postharvest handling. Attempts to control F. verticillioides and to detoxify or reduce fumonisin levels in maize have been undertaken. However, more research studies are urgently needed in order to understand more about this toxin. Fumonisins are less documented because they are recently discovered mycotoxins compared to aflatoxins. To date in Africa, apart from South Africa, very little information is available on Fusarium infection and fumonisin contamination in maize. It is a matter of great concern that on this continent, millions of people are consuming contaminated maize and maize-based foods daily without being aware of the danger. Key words: Fusarium, fumonisins, maize, Africa.
Highlights
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cereal crop grown throughout the word
Studies on the prevalence of oesophageal cancer in regions of South Africa, China, Italy and Iran, revealed an association between this disease and the consumption of maize contaminated by Fusarium spp (Franceschi et al, 1990; Rheeder et al, 1992; Chu and Li, 1994; Marasas, 1996; Ueno et al, 1997; Shephard et al, 2000; Wang et al, 2000)
It has been reported that late planting of maize with harvesting in wet conditions favours disease caused by F. verticillioides (Bilgrami and Choudhary, 1998), and the prevalence of this fungus is considerably increased with wet weather later in the season (Al-Heeti, 1987)
Summary
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cereal crop grown throughout the word. Maize plays an important role in the diet of millions of African people due to its high yields per hectare, its ease of cultivation and adaptability to different agro-ecological zones, versatile food uses and storage characteristics (Asiedu, 1989). The direct impact of mycotoxins on the staple product quality constitutes an important danger for human health and among them fumonisins produced by some toxigenic Fusarium species on maize and maize-based foods and feeds increase the risk. Studies on the prevalence of oesophageal cancer in regions of South Africa, China, Italy and Iran, revealed an association between this disease and the consumption of maize contaminated by Fusarium spp (Franceschi et al, 1990; Rheeder et al, 1992; Chu and Li, 1994; Marasas, 1996; Ueno et al, 1997; Shephard et al, 2000; Wang et al, 2000). These factors do not influence infection independently but most often there are complex interactions
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