Abstract
Securinega virosa is used as remedy for diarrhoea in tropical Africa, but has not been investigated for its antidiarrhoeal activity. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem bark and root bark for antidirrhoeal activity, using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model in mice. The effects of these extracts on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum were also evaluated. The methanolic leaves extract (8 x 10-5 – 1.6 x 10-3 mgml-1) produced a dose-dependent relaxation of the rabbit jejunum, while the methanolic stem bark and root bark extracts (2 x 10-5 – 3.2 x 10-3 mgml-1) produced contraction of the tissue. The methanolic root bark extract produced a dose-dependent protection against the castor oil- induced diarrhoea with the highest protection (100%), obtained at 100 mgkg-1 comparable to that of loperamide (5 mgkg-1), the standard agent. The leaves extract also protected the mice but was not dose-dependent. The highest protection (60%) was obtained at the lowest dose (50 mgkg-1). The stem bark extract did not protect the animal against diarrhoea. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that the three extracts contained similar phytochemical constituents which include alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. However, only the leaves extract contained anthraquinone glycosides. The acute toxicity test revealed the median lethal dose (LD50) values for the leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts to be 1265, 288.5 and 774.6 mgkg-1 respectively. This suggests that the stem bark extract is relatively the most toxic. These results obtained revealed that the leaves and root bark extracts possess pharmacological activity against diarrhoea and may possibly explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine.
Highlights
Diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries
The leaves extract relaxed the spontaneous contraction of the rabbit jejunum (Figure 1), while the stem bark and root bark extracts showed contraction
The root bark extract produced a dose-dependent protection against the castor oil induced diarrhoea with the highest protection (100%) obtained at the highest dose tested (100 mg kg-1) comparable to that of loperamide, the standard anti-diarrhoeal agent
Summary
Diarrhoeal diseases are one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. An estimated 1,000 million episodes occur each year in children under 5 years of age. Diarrhoea causes an estimated 5 million deaths in children fewer than 5 years of age per year (Carlos and Saniel, 1990). The incidence of diarrhoeal diseases still remains high despite the intervention of government agencies and international organizations to halt the trend. Despite immense technological advancement in modern medicine, many people in the developing countries still rely on traditional healing practices and medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs (Ojewole, 2004). The World Health Organization (WHO) encouraged studies for the treatment and prevention of diarrhoeal diseases depending on traditional medical practices (Atta and Mouneir, 2004). There is an urgent need for the intensification of research into medicinal plants claimed to be effective in the management of diarrhoea
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