Abstract
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers has generated several environmental problems. In order to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation of Pseudomonas, native Rhizobium with nitrogen and phosphorus levels on forage quality in Persian clover (Trifolium rosapinatum L. cv.Br73), this study was carried out in experimental fields of Lorestan Agricultural Research Center (Borujerd station) Lorestan province, Iran in 2011. A factorial experiment in the form of complete randomized block design with three replications was studied. Experimental treatments include: four levels of chemical fertilizers: F0 = N0 +P0, F1 = N25 + P50 (25 Kg/ha Urea, 46% N2) + 50 Kg/ha Super phosphate triple, 46% P2O5), F2 = N50 + P100 and F3 = N75 + P150 for sites 1 and 2. The biological fertilizers include: control (no bacterium), Pseudomonas florescence, native Rhizobium and co-inoculation (Pseudomonas + native Rhizobium). In these studies, some characteristics such as: crude protein (CP); dry matter digestible (DMD), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were assessed. Results show that biological fertilizers were significantly (p<0.05) affected with regards to CP, WSC and ADF but chemical fertilizers were significantly (p<0.01) affected with regards to CP, DMD, ASH, CF, ADF and NDF. Interaction between chemical and biological fertilizers showed that CP (α=0.05) and WSC (α=0.01) were significant. Crude protein percentage tended (r=-0.35; α=0.1) and (r=-0.73; α=0.01) negatively correlated with ADF and CF percentages respectively. In this study, F2S3 (native rhizobium with reduced application of chemical fertilizers) treatment as compared to F2S1 (no application of biological fertilizers with recommended chemical fertilizers) increased positive indexes such as: CP (4.58%); DMD (4.38%) and ASH (3.25%) and decreased negative indexes such as CF (-0.77%) and NDF (-6.4%). Therefore, it is recommended for low input sustainable agriculture (LISA) and high quality of forage. Key words: Low input sustainable agriculture (LISA), Persian clover, forage quality, Pseudomonas, native Rhizobium, chemical fertilizers.
Highlights
The diazotroph bacteria such as symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium sp.) are beneficial microorganisms in the root zone of the legume being reported as very essential for plant establishment and growth, especially under unbalanced conditions (Braea, 1997).The effect of fertilizers, bacteria Azospirillum lipoferum and pseudomonas flouresence on rice yield showed that application of looks/of nitrogen with pseudomonas and without azospirillum had the highest yield of 5733 kg/ha
Salicylic acid produced by plant growth stimulants bacteria could induce systemic resistance phenomenon in rhizobpher (Maurhofer et al, 1998)
Result of this study showed that there was affect only on crude fiber (CF) (a=0.01) and ASH (a=0.05) (Table 2)
Summary
The diazotroph bacteria such as symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium sp.) are beneficial microorganisms in the root zone of the legume being reported as very essential for plant establishment and growth, especially under unbalanced conditions (Braea, 1997).The effect of fertilizers, bacteria Azospirillum lipoferum and pseudomonas flouresence on rice yield showed that application of looks/of nitrogen with pseudomonas and without azospirillum had the highest yield of 5733 kg/ha. Nitrogen fertilizer with bacteria Pseudomonas flouresence and A. lipoferum had significant effect on harvest index at P
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