Abstract
Enteric fever is an invasive life-threatening systemic disease caused by the Salmonella enterica human-adapted serovars typhi and paratyphi. Increased incidence of infection with S. enterica serovar paratyphi A poses a significant health concern in some areas of the world. In this study, the incidence of enteric fever confirmed by isolation of Salmonella paratypi A or S. typhi from blood cultures of patients presenting with clinical symptoms was 5.1%. Of the total isolates, 64.13% were S. paratyphi A, and 35.87% were Salmonella typhi. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and cefixime. Conventional antibiotics (ampicillin, cloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole) showed 100% sensitivity rate towards S. paratyphi A and 96.9% towards S. typhi. Overall nalidixic acid-resistance (NAR) rate was extremely high (92.39%). Nalidixic acid resistant (MIC ≥ 32 µg/ml) S. paratyphi A showed increased MICs of the fluoroquinolone than nalidixic acid resistant S. typhi ranges from 0.125-8 µg/ml with ciprofloxacin and 0.25-4 µg/ml with levofloxacin and was statistically significant (p≤0.001). Immunization with currently available vaccines against typhoid fever does not provide cross protection against paratyphoid fever. This may contribute to the emergence of paratyphoid fever as the major cause of enteric fever in Nepal and possibly other geographical locations. Key words: Enteric fever, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella typhi, fluoroquinolones (FQs), Nepal.
Highlights
Salmonella enterica serovars typhi (S. typhi) and paratyphi (S. paratyphi) A, B, C are human restricted bacterial pathogens that cause related systemic disease, collectively called enteric fever, remains a common febrile illness in the developing world including the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Africa, and, to a lesser extent, South America, with poor standard of hygiene and sanitation (Kathryn et al, 2007; Crump et al, 2010; Kariuki et al, 2004)
The incidence of enteric fever confirmed by isolation of Salmonella paratypi A or S. typhi from blood cultures of patients presenting with clinical symptoms was 5.1%
A total of 92 (5.1%) of the blood culture samples were positive for Salmonella enterica growth
Summary
Salmonella enterica serovars typhi (S. typhi) and paratyphi (S. paratyphi) A, B, C are human restricted bacterial pathogens that cause related systemic disease, collectively called enteric fever, remains a common febrile illness in the developing world including the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Africa, and, to a lesser extent, South America, with poor standard of hygiene and sanitation (Kathryn et al, 2007; Crump et al, 2010; Kariuki et al, 2004). The incidence of infection with S. paratyphi A is elevated in some regions of the globe ( in South-east Asia). Countries like Japan and United States of America have already experienced increase incidence of Salmonella paratyphi A in returned traveler from various endemic regions (Judd et al, 2015; Katanami et al, 2016). A recent outbreak of S. paratyphi A in India, Combodia suggests how this neglected tropical diseases rapidly spread in various geographical region of the globe (Verma et al, 2016; Laura et al, 2015)
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