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Abstract
This study evaluated the chomosomal damage potential of the extract from leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae) in mouse bone-marrow cells. The extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to assess the concentration of coumarin (-) mammea A/BB, a compound with antileishmanial activity. The chromosomal damage potential of the extract was evaluated by the micronucleus test in erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow. The animals were treated with cyclophosphamide (50 mg) as positive control, DMSO (1%) as negative control, or the crude extract from C. brasiliense (100 or 200 mg/kg). The HPLC analyses showed that the extract contained 25.97 ± 0.91 µg of (-) mammea A/BB per mg of extract. The extract of C. brasiliense did not show chromosomal damage potential at the concentrations used for the preparation of creams with antileishmanial activity. This study may contribute to the registration of a topical phytomedicine containing the extract of C. brasiliense to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. Key words: Calophyllum brasiliense, genotoxicity assay, (-) mammea A/BB, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antileishmanial activity, medicinal plants.
Highlights
Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae), popularly known as "guanandi", is a large tree that grows mainly in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, and is distributed in South America from Brazil to Mexico
Previous studies have demonstrated that extracts, fractions, and especially the coumarin (-) mammea A/BB isolated from C. brasiliense leaves show significant molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata (Gasparotto et al, 2005) and potent in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis (Brenzan et al, 2007; 2008a; Honda et al, 2010; Tiuman et al, 2012)
In the chromatogram of the extract from C. brasiliense leaves, with a retention time of 26.2 min, the coumarin (-) mammea A/BB was identified as the majority compound (Figure 1)
Summary
Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae), popularly known as "guanandi", is a large tree that grows mainly in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, and is distributed in South America from Brazil to Mexico. Honda et al (2010) demonstrated that footpad lesions of mice infected with L. amazonensis decreased in size when the mice were treated topically with 10% dichloromethane extract or intraperitoneally with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of the hexane fraction of C. brasiliense. Mammea A/BB isolated from C. brasiliense leaves showed trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi (Reyes-Chilpa et al, 2008). Considering these effects, a method for quantitative analysis of the biologically active compound (-) mammea A/BB in the extract from C. brasiliense by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was validated by Brenzan et al (2010). The results of the studies involving biological effects, mainly the antileishmanial activity of this plant, led us to evaluate the potential for chromosomal damage of the extract from C. brasiliense leaves, in erythrocytes from mouse bone marrow
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