Abstract
This study determined the prevalence and drug resistant patterns of bacteria isolated from untreated hospital wastewaters collected from selected hospitals in Offa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of 42 composite samples were aseptically collected, transported and analyzed for enumeration of microorganisms, bacteriological identification and susceptibility testing following standard procedures. The Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of each site location was equally taken and data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The means bacterial count population of wet season samples ranged between 7±4.00 × 105 and 150±43.59 × (105cfu/ml), while that of dry season samples ranged between 10±2.00 × 105 and 225±67.27 × 105 cfu/ml. Among the total samples, 50 bacterial isolates were detected, of which 26(52%) were from wet season samples and 24(48%) were from dry season samples. The most frequently isolated bacteria from wet season samples was Alcaligenes faecalis 17(65.4%) followed by Alcaligenes aquatilis 5(19.2%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus 4(15.4%). Findings from antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates indicated that ofloxacin (OFL) demonstrated highest antimicrobial potency against the test isolates, with Zone inhibition diameters (mm) (resistant ≤12, intermediate 13-15 and susceptible ≥ 16). Thus, hospital wastewater should be treated before discharge to prevent infectious diseases. Key words: Hospital wastewaters, antibiotics, resistant pattern, bacteria.
Highlights
Wastewater is any water that has had its quality severely degraded by human intervention
Pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, detergent, antibiotics, antiseptic, surfactant, solvent, medicinal medication, heavy metals, and radioactive substances are among the persistent chemical compounds and complex combinations of organic matter found in hospital wastewater (Aurelien et al, 2013; Ferrando-Climent et al, 2014) plus microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli (Anitha and Jayraaj, 2012; FerrandoCliment et al, 2014)
A. faecalis made up to 19(79.2%) of the total bacteria isolated during the dry season and 17(65.4%) during the wet season while A. faecalis strain JF3 is more prevalent with percentage occurrence 26.9% during the wet season and strain G68 and KWW84 with percentage occurrence of 29.2 during the dry season (Table 3)
Summary
Wastewater is any water that has had its quality severely degraded by human intervention. This comprises liquid waste from private residences, businesses, industries, hospitals, and agricultural and commercial establishments (Verlicchi et al, 2010). Surgery units laboratories, clinical wards, laundries, and other areas of a hospital generate wastewater, which has a wide range of loads based on the activities carried out Pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, detergent, antibiotics, antiseptic, surfactant, solvent, medicinal medication, heavy metals, and radioactive substances are among the persistent chemical compounds and complex combinations of organic matter found in hospital wastewater (Aurelien et al, 2013; Ferrando-Climent et al, 2014) plus microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli (Anitha and Jayraaj, 2012; FerrandoCliment et al, 2014)
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