Abstract
The antifungal activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Anacardium othonianum (Anacardiaceae) leaves (EE) and the n-hexane (HF), EtOAc (EF), n-BuOH (BF) and hydromethanolic (HMF) fractions were assayed against Candida albicans (ATCC 64548) and Trichophyton rubrum (Tr1). Additionally, the cytotoxicities were also evaluated against normal human lung fibroblasts (GM07492A). The EE yielded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 78.12 and 312.50 µg/mL for C. albicans and T. rubrum, respectively, and no cytotoxicity was observed. The EF and BF fractions exhibited enhanced antifungal activities when compared with the MIC values obtained for the EE fraction, and no cytotoxicity was observed for either fraction. Thus, the EF fraction, which displayed the higher antifungal activity, was purified, leading to the isolation of the following compounds: amentoflavone (1), gallic acid (2), protocatechuic acid (3), and ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (4). HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of compounds 1-4 and 1-3 in the EF and BF fractions, respectively, in different proportions. The results suggest that the antifungal activities of the EE, EF and BF fractions may be attributed mainly to the actions of 1, 2 and 3. Key words: Anacardium othonianum extract, antifungal and cytotoxicity activities, HPLC analysis.
Highlights
The results suggest that the antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract (EE), EtOAc fraction (EF) and BuOH fraction (BF) fractions may be attributed mainly to the actions of 1, 2 and 3
The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was obtained for C. albicans (MIC= 78.12 μg/mL), and the EE showed no cytotoxicity
Among the four fractions, including the n-hexane (HF), EtOAc (EF), n-BuOH (BF), and hydromethanolic (HMF) fractions, achieved by liquid-liquid partitioning of the EE, the EtOAc fraction (EF) displayed the highest antifungal activity, with MIC values of 4.88 and 39.06 μg/mL against C. albicans and T. rubrum, respectively, and no cytotoxicity was observed for this fraction
Summary
Anacardiaceae consists of approximately 76 genera and. Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoeae, Semecarpeae and Spondiadeae (Vogl et al, 1995). The genus Anacardium (Anacardieae) consists of 10 species typically found in tropical climates (Mitchell and Mori, 1987). Anacardium othonianum Rizz., which is known in Brazil as “caju-deárvore-do-cerrado”, “cajuzinho”, and “cajuí”, is native to the Brazilian savannah. This species is regionally important and has widespread acceptance as a food product (Bessa et al, 2013). The Brazilian traditional medicine has allusions to the employment of A. othonianum, which has mainly been used in the treatment of inflammation, diabetes, pain and respiratory diseases, such as coughing and the flu (Vieira et al, 2006). Chemical examinations of the Anacardium species have revealed the major presence of tannins, phenolic acids, sterols, flavonoids, biflavonoids, phenolic lipids and saponins (Konan and Bacchi, 2007; Luiz-Ferreira et al, 2010; Dinda et al, 1987; Correia et al, 2006; Arya et al, 1989)
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