Abstract
Cadmium is a potent teratogen in laboratory animals, causing exencephaly when administered at early stages of development. Due to its heterogenicity with respect to molecular targets, the mechanisms behind cadmium toxicity are not well understood. In the present study, 40 pregnant rats (Sprague-Dawley) were divided into four groups (10 each); first group served as the control (G1), the second group (G2) received 61.3 mg/kg cadmium chloride daily from 7th to 16th day of gestation (organogenesis period) by oral tube. Group 3 (G3) was administrated a solution of 25 mg/kg zinc chloride orally from the 1st day to 20th day of pregnancy. Group 4 were administrated a solution of cadmium chloride (61.3 mg/kg) and zinc chloride (25 mg /kg) daily from the 7th to16th day of gestation. Maternal body weights were measured on gestational day 0, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20. At the 20th day of gestation, blood samples were collected from the eye, using orbital sinus technique. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were determined calorimetrically and serum, urea and creatinine were determined. All of the pregnant rats were sacrificed by ether anaesthesia at the 20th day of gestation and foetuses were removed from the uterus. The implantation sites, corpora lutea, living, dead and reabsorbed foetuses were counted and recorded. Liver of pregnant rats and their fetuses were used to isolate a total RNA for quantification of Msx1, Cx43, Bcl2 and Bax genes. The results show the toxic effect of Cd on the pregnant rats and their fetuses, at morphological, physiological and molecular level but, zinc has a very effective protection against cadmium-induced developmental toxicity. Key words: Cadmium, zinc, rat, organogenesis, gene expression.
Highlights
Industrial development has brought man into contact with several persistent chemicals, including heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and cadmium (Cd)
The average maternal body weight showed a steady increase during the gestation period, while the rate of increase during the gestation period was found to be relatively less in groups G2 and G4 compared to control and Group 3 (G3) group (Table 2)
No abortion was recorded among mothers of the control and G3 groups
Summary
Industrial development has brought man into contact with several persistent chemicals, including heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and cadmium (Cd). Cd has been reported to produce several toxic effects in animals and man, while peculiar accumulation kinetics in the kidney cortex mammals has been reported by many authors. Derived from natural and anthropogenic sources, widespread environmental exposure to arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) remains of public health concern due to their potential to cause adverse effects in the human population. Cd is a well characterized teratogens inducing embryo-toxicity, including growth effects, mortality and a range of congenital malformations (Salvatori et al, 2004). Key sources of Cd in the environment include industrial production of pigments, plastic stabilizers, alloys, nickelcadmium batteries as well improper discharge of many manufactured products (IARC, 1993). In the Earth’s crust, Cd has an average concentration of about 0.1 to 0.2 mg kg−1 (Ursínyová and Hladíková, 2000; Lalor, 2008), contaminating the air, food and water, and so increasing the routes of exposure to animals such as ingestion and inhalation (IARC, 1993)
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