Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate different alternative products, foliar sprayed either alone or in combination with fungicide fluazinam, to control white mold in soybean at three locations: Arapoti, Maua-da-Serra, and Pinhao, in Parana state, southern Brazil. The following chemical products were used: sodium dichloroisocyanurate, benzalkonium chloride, pyroligneous extract, sodium hypochlorite, cobalt + molybdenum, sucrose, sodium bicarbonate and acibenzolar-S-methyl. Incidence, severity, yield, and number of sclerotia produced were analyzed. The majority of the variables did not follow the normal distribution of the data according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; therefore, the use of non-parametric analysis was necessary. The analysis of all the treatments individually revealed no significant effects so it was decided to separate the analysis into the following groups of treatments: ‘control’, treatments using alternative products (‘alternatives’), treatment only with fungicide (‘fungicide’) and treatments with alternative products and fungicide (‘alternatives + fungicide’). In Arapoti, no significant differences for any variables were observed. In Maua-da-Serra, the ‘fungicide’ and ‘alternatives + fungicide’ had the lowest incidence and number of sclerotia, with higher yield when compared to ‘control’ and ‘alternatives’. No differences were observed for severity. In Pinhao, the ‘fungicide’ and ‘alternatives + fungicide’ were superior for incidence, number of sclerotia produced, and yield when compared to the ‘control’ and ‘alternatives’. The ‘alternatives + fungicide’ showed significantly lower severity when compared to the control, ‘alternatives’ and ‘fungicide’ in Pinhao experiment. In conclusion, the alternative products applied in combination with fluazinam resulted in lower severity of white mold in soybean in the experiment conducted in Pinhao, and the application of fluazinam alone or in combination with alternative products, was efficient to control white mold in soybean in locations with high disease incidence.
Highlights
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) is considered one of the most important Fabaceae in the world; it is used as a source of protein for human and animal consumption and as raw material for oil extraction for food
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different alternative products, applied either alone or in combination with fungicide fluazinam, in the management of white mold in soybean under field conditions
Three experiments were conducted in areas naturally infested by white mold in the 2011-12 crop season in the municipalities of Arapoti, Mauá-daSerra and Pinhão, all located in the southern state of Paraná, Brazil, and conducted under no-tillage system
Summary
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) is considered one of the most important Fabaceae in the world; it is used as a source of protein for human and animal consumption and as raw material for oil extraction for food It is used in biodiesel production and in countless processed and semiprocessed products. Several factors may limit productivity, such as the presence of diseases that can cause significant economic losses One of these is white mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. This soilborne pathogen can infect more than 400 plant species (BOLAND; HALL, 1994), and it can be responsible for severe losses when conditions are conducible for its development. Soybean crops have suffered losses up to 70%, as reported by Jaccoud Filho et al (2010) in the 2008-2009 crop season in the southern Brazilian state of Paraná
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