Abstract
In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activities of extracts of the seeds of Embelia rowlandii were investigated on unembryonated and embryonated eggs, first and second stage larvae of Heligmosomoides bakeri . Three different extracts were prepared with distilled water (DW) and 95% ethanol. The organic extract was first diluted with 3% Tween and then distilled water added to obtain five different concentrations (625, 1250, 2500, 3750 and 5000 μg/ml). These concentrations were put in contact with eggs and larvae of H. bakeri . One milliliter of each extract at different concentrations and controls were added to 1 ml solution containing 30 to 40 eggs or 10 to 15 larvae (L 1 and L 2 larvae) and distributed in different Petri dishes. Both eggs and larvae were incubated at 24°C and exposure time was 48 h for fresh (unembryonated) eggs, 6 h for embryonated eggs, 24 h for L 1 and L 2 larvae, respectively. Distilled water and 3% Tween were used as negative controls in the bioassay. These placebos neither affected egg development, hatching nor larval survival. A significant effect was obtained with cold water extract (CWE), hot water extract (HWE) and ethanolic extract (EtE) and differences were observed depending on the parasitic stage. CWE, HWE and EtE inhibited embryonic development (60.5, 82.5 and 46.9%) and hatching (85.8, 74.1 and 41.0%), respectively at 5000 μg/ml. All the three extracts killed both L 1 larvae (84.5, 86.0 and 61.2%) and L 2 larvae (65.2, 83.7 and 33.3%) respectively at 5000 μg/ml. These in vitro results suggest that extracts of E. rowlandii possess ovicidal and larvicidal properties. Keywords : Embelia rowlandii, Heligmosomoides bakeri , plant extracts African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(2), pp. 205-211
Highlights
Parasitic infection is one of the world’s most devastating causes of death in livestock and human today
A significant effect was obtained with cold water extract (CWE), hot water extract (HWE) and ethanolic extract (EtE) and differences were observed depending on the parasitic stage
We observed that the CWE and HWE remained the most effective, irrespective of the concentration compared to the controls which exhibited no inhibitory effect on the fresh eggs, while the EtE remained the least effective
Summary
Parasitic infection is one of the world’s most devastating causes of death in livestock and human today. Intestinal helminthiasis is an important issue of public health in the tropical and subtropical zones. These infections have recently been neglected in favor of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria and tuberculosis. Small ruminant livestock (sheep and goats) improves the life condition of populations in the rural farming environment where poverty is a great concern. In the traditional livestock system, animals are infected by diseases among which gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is highly prevalent and creates a huge
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