Abstract
The study evaluated the nephroprotective potentials of methanolic extract (ME) and dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) of root-bark of Garcinia kola on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats with a view to utilize the extracts of the root of G. Kola in the amelioration of antibiotic-induced kidney damage. The study involved preparation of the extract, fractionation, phytochemical screening and evaluation of phenolics and flavonoid contents. Moreover, both the acute and sub-acute toxicities of ME and DCMF were determined in mice and albino rats with concentrations ranging from 10 to 5000 mg/kg body weight (bwt) respectively. Forty albino rats were divided into 8 groups of five animals each and induced with gentamicin (80 mg/kg bwt). The renal biochemical metabolites and enzymes were quantified and assayed respectively. The histopathological examinations of kidney were carried out. Phytochemical screening of the ME and DCMF of the root-bark of G. kola revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids. The extract and DCMF did not elicit any adverse effect and a dose of 250 mg/kg bwt of ME and DCMF was selected for further studies. The administration of gentamicin (80 mg/kg bwt) caused elevated levels of plasma renal biomarkers, reduction in AciPase activities. Moreover, administration of gentamicin (80 mg/kg bwt) resulted in damage to kidney structures. The treatments (pre and post) of the rats with 250 mg/kg extract and fraction reversed alterations of biochemical parameters which were supported by low levels of tubular and glomerular injuries induced by gentamicin treatment. The study concluded that, both the extract and fraction of G. kola root-bark elicited antioxidant and appreciable nephroprotective potentials. Key words: Antioxidant potentials, Garcinia kola, Methanolic extract, Nephrotoxicity, Renal biomarkers.
Highlights
Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when body is exposed to a drug or toxin (Hozayen et al, 2011)
The acute toxicity studies of methanolic extract (ME) and dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) of G. kola root bark revealed that, the animals that received varying concentrations (10 to 5000 mg/kg bwt) of ME and DCMF did not exhibit any clinical signs of toxicity or mortality
The results suggested that the LD50 of ME and DCMF of the root-bark of G. kola could be higher than 5000 mg/kg bwt
Summary
Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when body is exposed to a drug or toxin (Hozayen et al, 2011). The kidney is one of the primary sites of drug metabolism/toxicity. It is especially vulnerable to toxic insults by drugs because of the high renal blood flow. It transports, metabolizes, and concentrates chemicals present in the tubular fluid. Drugs that are known to damage the kidney glomerulus include puromycin, adriamycin, NSAIDs as well as aminoglycosides, cyclosporine, and cisplatin (Boudonck et al, 2009)
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