Abstract
Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) is an Amazonian shrub used in traditional medicine for many purposes. This study investigated the genotoxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. alliacea (EHPa). In addition, we conducted pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical investigation. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used to determine the chemical composition of the extract. Genotoxicity was evaluated using an in vitro comet assay in human lymphocytes (50, 100, and 250 mg/ml) and an in vivo micronucleus assay in mice orally treated with the extract (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg b.w., p.o.). The phytochemical screening identified the metabolites reducing sugars, alkaloids and saponins. TLC analyses identified organosulfur compounds in EHPa. Comet assay data showed that EHPa induced exacerbated DNA damage at 100 mg/ml treatments (EHPa 100 mg/ml: TL 219.13 ± 48.38 mm, % DNA-t 59.33 ± 18.98%, TM 134.99 ± 61.34, OM 87.48 ± 32.98) as compared with negative control (Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI): TL 37.79 ± 24.79 mm, % DNA-t 9.73 ± 6.56%, TM 4.86 ± 5.79, OM 6.90 ± 5.80; p<0.01). These effects were similar to positive control (hydrogen peroxide). The micronucleus assay, however, showed that EHPa induce slight genotoxicity in vivo. However, EHPa induced an exacerbated DNA damage in vitro, but this effect was slight in the animal model. These in vitro effects may be related to the chemical composition of the extract. Key words: Petiveria alliacea, genetic toxicity, DNA damage, comet assay, micronucleus assay.
Highlights
Genotoxicity was evaluated using an in vitro comet assay in human lymphocytes (50, 100, and 250 mg/ml) and an in vivo micronucleus assay in mice orally treated with the extract (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg b.w., p.o.)
As for the genotoxic parameter, our results demonstrated that EHPa at doses of 50 and 250 mg/ml induced changes in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) frequency compared to negative control (p < 0.01); these values were at least threefold lower than the positive control (p < 0.01)
Our data suggest that P. alliacea induces DNA damage in vitro, but this effect was slight in an in vivo model
Summary
This variety of names is directly related to its large geographical distribution that includes countries in tropical America, Africa, Europe, and the Caribbean, West Indies, and India (Alonso, 2007). P. alliacea posses a broad spectrum of compounds in its constitution, including flavonoids and terpenoids (Delle Monache and Suarez, 1992; Delle Monache et al, 1996; Neves et al, 2011), as well as higher amounts of organosulfur compounds that justifies its pungent smell of garlic (Kubec and Musah, 2001; Kubec et al, 2002, 2010). Among the sulfur-containing compounds present in P. alliacea, previous investigations have highlighted the polysulfides and thiosulfinates as responsible for several biological activities shown in the extracts (Benevides et al, 2001; Cifuentes et al, 2009; Kubec and Musah, 2001; Kubec et al, 2002, 2010; RosadoAguilar et al, 2010; Urueña et al, 2008)
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