Abstract
Treatment of delayed union, malunion, and nonunion is a challenge to the orthopedic surgeons Apart from restoration of alignment and stable fixation, in many cases adjunctive measures such as bone-grafting or use of bone-graft substitutes are of paramount importance. Autologous bone remains the “gold standard” for stimulating bone repair and regeneration, but its availability may be limited and the procedure to harvest the material is associated with complications. Bone-graft substitutes can either substitute autologous bone graft or expand an existing amount of autologous bone graft. This review focuses on role of bone morphogenetic proteins in bone regeneration.
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