Abstract
Different genera of bacteria are present as endophytic in roots and nodules of legumes and roots of non legumes grown in different parts of the world. A number of these endophytic inhabitants vary from few to large numbers. Predominantly, endophytes belongs to three major phyla, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and includes members of Streptobyces, Azocareus, Gluconobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Stenophomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus and Enterobacter. Majority of the endophytes show plant growth promotion and have other beneficial traits like enhancement of biological nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, phosphate solubilization, inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis in response to biotic or abiotic stress and above all have biocontrol activity. These endophytes colonize inside the root or nodules. It seems no host specificity exist between different endophytic bacteria and plant host. These opportunist bacteria can enter the plant tissue whenever they have the opportunity either after dissolving the cell wall or through crack entry. Beneficial effects of bacterization of these endophytes have been shown in different plant host under green house and even under field conditions. Therefore endophytic bacteria are better alternate to sustain crop productivity. Key words: Nodules, endophytic bacteria, legumes, roots, genera.
Highlights
The plant root defines the interface between a multi cellular eukaryote and soil, one of the richest microbial ecosystems on Earth
Endophytes are sheltered from environmental stresses and microbial competition by the host plant and they seem to be ubiquitous in plant tissues, having been isolated from flowers, fruits, leaves, stems, roots and seeds of various plant species (Kobayashi and Palumbo, 2000)
Various rhizobial and non-rhizobial strains were isolated from root nodules of two widespread south eastern Australian tree legumes, Acacia salicina, Acacia stenophylla. This legume was nodulated primarily by Bradyrhizobium, while the results indicate significant associations with other root nodule forming bacterial genera, including Rhizobium, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium, Burkholderia, Phyllobacterium and Devosia (Hoque et al, 2011)
Summary
The plant root defines the interface between a multi cellular eukaryote and soil, one of the richest microbial ecosystems on Earth. 11 most efficient isolates were selected out of more than 200 endophytic bacteria isolated previously from roots of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), field pea (Pisum sativum), lucerne (Medicago sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and oat (Avena sativa) and nodules of chickpea and field pea (Giri and Dudeja, 2013a) To know their extent of establishment in different host and nonhost tissues root exudates of four hosts’ chickpea, field pea, wheat and oat were collected at 7 and 14 days growth. Bacterial endophytes isolated from field pea were inoculated along with standard R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii strain PS-43 and some of the co-inoculations showed enhanced nodulation, root growth, plant growth and nitrogen content in shoot of fieldpea (Narula et al., 2013a). Due to the presence of multiple traits in endophytic bacteria, enhancement in crop productivity in all the tested crops was observed
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