Abstract
Germination is a key event in plant life cycle and imbibition temperature is an important factor for the major reorganization pro- cesses in the germinating seeds. Sub-physiological temperature at this stage affects virtually all aspects of cellular function including protein folding, kinetic parameters of membrane fluidity, protein assembly, and general metabolic processes. In this article we will review the re- search which has been carried out to decipher the basic mechanisms of low temperature (LT) stress with special emphasis on germination. With the better understanding of LT tolerance in some plant species we will also discuss how these attributes can be transferred in the im- portant food crops to attain better germination stamina at sub-physiological temperatures. At germination stage, the cellular machinery in the embryo is not at its proper place and is going through reorganisation and any environmental severity has devastating effects on the fragile plant. But LT resistant species have evolved the ability to acclimatise, with the remodelling of cell and tissue structures and the reprogram- ming of metabolism and gene expression. Metabolic networks are redirected towards the synthesis of cryoprotectant molecules, which in association with other proteins bring about physical and biochemical restructuring of cell membranes through changes in the lipid composi- tion and induction of other non-enzymatic proteins that alter the freezing point of water. Genetic engineering of crops for enhanced seed germination performance will certainly help to achieve optimum agricultural yields..
Highlights
Germination physiology in low temperature All environmental stresses disrupt the normal functioning of a living system
In this article we will take an overview of the research which has been carried out to decipher the basic mechanisms of low temperature stress with special emphasis on the most important part of plant life cycle, the germination
Membrane damage at chilling temperatures Imbibition temperature is a key factor for the membrane reorganization processes; when normal lamellar phospholipid structure of plasma membrane is being restored, the ER is reforming, and mitochondria are returning to a hydrated configuration [27,28,29,30]
Summary
Germination physiology in low temperature All environmental stresses disrupt the normal functioning of a living system. Low temperature (LT) is a major non-living element of the environmental that affects water and nutrient uptake, membrane fluidity and protein and nucleic acid conformation, drastically influencing cellular metabolism directly by reducing the rates of biochemical reactions [1], accompanied by changes in the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome [2]. Low temperature dramatically affects essential metabolic activities and activation of hydrated enzymes to produce energy for the subsequent growth processes [16, 17].
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