Abstract
Coal is the main source widely used for electric generation and industrial applications due to its low cost and abundance of this fuel. Exposure to coal fly ash particulate matter (CFA-PM) is a major health concern in developing countries. The in vitro cytotoxicity, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis of coal fly ash nanoparticles (CFA-NPs) were determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme, reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and expression of apoptosis associated proteins in cultured Chang liver cell lines. The release of LDH was increased based on dose-dependent and time dependent manner in CFA-NPS treated cells. CFA-NPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) with increase in dose concentration. The CFA-NPs treated cells showed severe DNA damage and inhibits the cell viability and leads to apoptosis. The apoptotic proteins showed significant changes, with increase in the level of BAX and decrease in the level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2).The studies showed significant amount of toxicity in CFA-NPs treated Chang liver cell lines. Key words: Coal fly ash nanoparticles, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), BAX, Bcl-2
Highlights
Coal is the major source widely used for electricity generation and industrial applications; due to its low cost and abundance of this fuel
The average size of the collected coal fly ash (CFA) particles ranges below the particulate matter (PM) 0.1 which was confirmed by particle size analyzer (PSA) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis
We demonstrated that CFA-NPs induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in Chang liver cells
Summary
Coal is the major source widely used for electricity generation and industrial applications; due to its low cost and abundance of this fuel. Combustion of coal generates massive amount of ultra fine particles (UFP). Formed by mineral transformation during high temperature combustion process. Exposure to coal fly ash particulate matter (CFA-PM) is a major health concern in developing countries like India and china; it is because coal is the main power source used widely. In United States and Europe; the annual production of coal fly ash (CFA). In India, currently there are 82 coal-fired power plants, which consume about 260 million tonnes of coal to produce 100 million tons of fly ash per year (Dwivedi et al, 2012; Manerikar et al, 2008).
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