Abstract
Candida infections can be superficial, invasive or disseminating. The virulence of Candida species has been attributed to several factors, including the promotion of hyphae and biofilm formation, adherence to host tissues, and response to environmental changes and morphogenesis. Resistance to many clinically used antifungal agents has led to the need to identify new compounds and drugs for therapeutic use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-candida and anti-biofilm activities of some Cameroonian plant extracts against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The biofilm biomass of C. albicans and C. glabrata was quantified using the violet crystal protocol. A microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and a biofilm enumeration assay was employed to determine the minimum biofilm inhibition concentrations (MBICs) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of the extracts. The absorbance value of the biofilm biomass of C. albicans was 0.14±0.01 and that of C. glabrata was 0.51±0.06. Eugenia uniflora and Terminalia mantaly aqueous leaf extracts showed MICs of 0.3125 and 0.625 mg/mL for C. glabrata, while the MICs for C. albicans were 10 and 0.625 mg/mL, respectively. The MBIC and MBEC of C. glabrata of E. uniflora aqueous leaf extracts were 0.125 and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively, and 0.45 and >1.8 mg/mL, respectively for T. mantaly. The results of this study demonstrated the in vitro anti-biofilm potential of T. mantaly and E. uniflora aqueous leaf extracts against Candida biofilm. Nonetheless, further analyses of a larger number of Candida isolates and plant extracts are needed to validate these findings. Key words: Anti-candida, anti-biofilm, Eugenia uniflora, Terminalia mantaly.
Highlights
IntroductionCandida species are the most common fungal pathogens in humans and the causative agents of superficial and systemic candidiasis, giving rise to severe morbidity in millions of individuals worldwide
Candida glabrata was reported to be the second most common agent of vaginal candidiasis; the increasing incidence of cases of vaginal candidiasis caused by non- c. albicans species has not yet been well established (Al-Ahmadey and Mohamed, 2014; Esmaeilzadeh et al, 2009)
Only the aqueous leaf extract of T. mantaly revealed the best activity in C. albicans, showing a minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.625 to 1.8 mg/mL
Summary
Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in humans and the causative agents of superficial and systemic candidiasis, giving rise to severe morbidity in millions of individuals worldwide Mucosal infections of Candida albicans are often benign, but systemic infections are usually fatal (Al-Ahmadey and Mohamed 2014; Foxman et al, 2013). Candida glabrata was reported to be the second most common agent of vaginal candidiasis; the increasing incidence of cases of vaginal candidiasis caused by non- c. In the Littoral Region of Cameroon (Nylon District Hospital), the prevalence of oral and vaginal candidiasis in 2012 was 52.6 and 29.7%, respectively (Njunda et al, 2012). The prevalence of oral candidiasis among HIV patients in the study population of the Mutengene Baptist Hospital in the South West Region in 2013 was 66.7% (Njunda et al, 2013). It has been reported that the mortality rate of invasive infections is 40% (Klevay et al, 2009; Pfaller and Diekema, 2007; Bertagnolio et al, 2004) and C. albicans is estimated to be responsible for 50-60% of the cases of invasive candidiasis (Perlroth et al, 2007; Pfaller and Diekema, 2007)
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