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The purpose of this study is to evaluate opportunities of the region of Suğla Lake located in Turkey for community-based ecotourism development that enable sustainable landscape and natural resource management as well as livelihood diversification. A participatory research approach was applied by participation of a diverse number of stakeholders (e.g. local communities, local and central governmental bodies and researchers). A set of participatory research tools (e.g. interviews and field surveys), SWOT analysis and the method of Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum (ECOS) were used to collect and evaluate relevant data. The study consists of four sections. The first section focuses on SWOT analysis by which the advantages and disadvantages of the study area for ecotourism development were examined. In the second section, the most suitable villages for ecotourism development were examined by adapting the method of ECOS based on the 18 parameters by using 1–4 score system. Accordingly, the most suitable five villages for ecotourism development were determined. Major natural and cultural ecotourism resources (e.g. diversity of landforms, spectacular landscapes and traditional lifestyle) of the study area were examined in the third section. In the fourth section, the ecotourism-based livelihood and relevant core capitals were evaluated according to 1–4 score system for the five villages. We hope that the outcomes of this study can draw attention of planners and policymakers to the role of ecotourism for sustainable landscape and natural resource management as well as livelihood diversification in the region and elsewhere.

Community-based ecotourism as a social transformation tool for rural community: A victory or a quagmire?

Environmental problems in Indonesia, including deforestation, land degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity decline, present serious challenges to sustainable development. This study examines sustainable natural resource management as a solution through a comprehensive literature review. The findings reveal that participatory approaches, green technology implementation, and evidence-based policies can significantly reduce environmental degradation. The research highlights the crucial role of multi-stakeholder collaboration between government, private sector, and local communities in formulating effective sustainability policies. Importantly, the study demonstrates that integrating strict regulations with community empowerment and technological innovation offers the most promising path toward sustainable resource management. The research implications are threefold: First, it provides policymakers with a framework for developing integrated environmental policies. Second, it underscores the need for capacity building in local institutions to implement sustainable practices. Third, it identifies technology adoption as a critical factor for effective environmental monitoring. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions about sustainable development by offering practical solutions that balance economic growth with environmental preservation. The study concludes that a holistic approach combining policy reform, technological advancement, and community participation is essential for addressing Indonesia's environmental challenges while ensuring long-term sustainability.

Mangrove ecosystem in Peropa’ea protected forest area has an aesthetic landscape that has a potential to be developed as ecotourism. The development of ecotourism in the protected forest area of Peropa’ea as a utilization effort of environmental services is a better strategy because it may reduce pressure on mangrove forest resources and bring socio-economic benefits to the community and area. The Peropa’ea Protected Forest Management Unit (KPHL) has prepared a service business plan environment in the form of “Banda Kawasa” mangrove ecotourism for the period 2015 to 2025. Some steps needed to be studied such as key elements in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify elements and sub-elements in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. The method used in this research was Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) with an element of related institutions, constraints, objectives, and priority programs in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. The results indicated that the Provincial Forestry Office and Forest Management Unit (KPHL) Peropa’ea were the institutional key player in the development and management of mangrove ecotourism. Limited funding and supporting infrastructure for mangrove ecotourism was the main management constraint, and the program priority was to develop an integrated and sustainable mangrove ecotourism management plan. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the coordination among related institutions to develop and maintain the sustainability of mangrove ecotourism in this area.

Taman Beach as one of the superior tourist destinations in Pacitan has now begun to develop. The development of Taman Beach tourism object is inseparable from the efforts which are initiated by the Group of Turtle Rescue Society for Tourism “Taman Ria”which develops turtle conservation activities through the concept of community-based ecotourism. Local people have also developed tourist attractions such as flying fox and swimming pools to attract tourists to visit it and a portion of the tourism incomes for the funding of turtle conservation activities. However, in the development process, there are problems such as the low level of community participation and the lack of management of tourist object that is integrated with the local community.This study aims to analyze the role and level of community participation in supporting the development of community-based ecotourism in the Taman Beach area. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. Quantitative data analysis using the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) approach. Data collection is done by using questionnaires and observations in the field. The variables studied included the dimensions of planning, management, monitoring, and supervision. The results of the study indicate that the involvement of local communities in the development of ecotourism does not support sustainability, with an average sustainability index value of 46.864. The level of community participation according to Arnstein's participatory ladder from the aspect of planning and management aspects has reached the level of placement participation in the tokenism category (accepting the provisions). Whereas from the aspect of monitoring and controlling has reached the level of consultation participation in the tokenism category (accepting the provisions). The results of the analysis show that policy strategies are needed to increase community participation through increasing community roles and responsibilities in planning, management, monitoring, and controlling. Keywords: community based, ecotourism, multidimensional scaling

The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act of Nepal introduced the buffer zone (BZ) concept to ensure people's participation in conservation. BZ plays a significant role in ecotourism development, particularly in areas rich in biodiversity, natural beauty, and indigenous cultures. Delays in declaring BZ might create challenges in benefit sharing and sustainable management, especially in developing countries like Nepal. This study aims to understand the perception of local people towards the establishment of BZ and ecotourism development in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve of western Nepal. A household survey (n=152), key informants interview (n=6), focus group discussion (n=6), and an intensive literature review were used for the data collection. Statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, and chi-square tests were employed to interpret the collected field data. The study revealed that local communities lack awareness about the benefits of BZ establishment. The area offers facilities and services with warm hospitality, caring for health & sanitation in homestays, seminar halls, hiking, and nature walks for the tourists. A significant association between education level and perception towards ecotourism prospects, as well as its role in environmental conservation, culture preservation, and the development of cottage-based industries, was determined. The results suggest that the successful implementation of ecotourism initiatives is possible with the collaboration of the local community, government, and non-governmental organizations.

Ecotourism development in Thailand: Community participation leads to the value of attractions using linguistic preferences

Understanding local community awareness and attitude towards forest-based ecotourism welfare is an important input for policymakers to develop and implement sustainable forest resource management strategies. However, the local community’s awareness and attitude towards forest-based ecotourism development have been poorly assessed and documented in remote areas. To this end, the present study assessed the local community’s awareness and attitude in Arbegona and Nensebo woredas’ forests, southern Ethiopia, towards ecotourism development. Household and key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Results indicated that more than half (57.9%) of the respondents expressed a negative attitude towards forest-based ecotourism development. The educational status of the respondents, their age, presence of conservation measures, source of energy for household consumption, and biophysical and socio-cultural variations in the study sites are significantly associated with local communities’ attitudes that have been exhibited towards the development of ecotourism and conservation of forest resources. Creating awareness through persuasion and communication of new and well-suited information, promoting alternative livelihood options, encouraging local benefits from the conservation of forest resources, and compensating costs induced by wild animals can minimise negative attitudes, thereby contributing to the enhancement of local communities’ positive attitudes towards forest resource conservation.

A vast majority of scholarship share a similar view that collective participation of different stakeholders serves as a prerequisite for ecotourism sustainable development. Local community participation is considered to be an important pillar of ecotourism development as local communities are capable of influencing success or failure of ecotourism development projects. Socio-economic and socio-cultural well-being of local communities are crucial ingredients for maintaining rapport amongst stakeholders and sustaining ecotourism development. Despite being promulgated as a central pillar of ecotourism development, literature reveals that local communities have not been actively participating in planning and decision-making processes regarding ecotourism development. Adoption of Western-centric oriented participation frameworks by numerous state authorities coupled with lacking necessary skills have been identified as the main factors that hinder active participation of local communities in ecotourism development initiatives. It has therefore, been suggested that ecotourism destinations need to adopt and implement participatory approaches that suit their specific contexts and promote bottom-up ecotourism development procedures. Based on its potential for influencing review and amendment of existing tourism-related policies, a local community participation improvement model has been developed. The model is aimed at facilitating inclusive and active participation of all stakeholders in ecotourism development processes.

Purpose of the study: The majority of Ethiopian are engaged in agricultural activities that contributed to natural resource degradations. Ecotourism is an alternative option while achieving the conservation goals of protected areas. This study was conducted with the objective of identifying ecotourism development opportunities as a tool for future environmental conservation and its implication to community livelihoods in Sheka Biosphere Reserve.
 Methodology: using survey questionnaires, document analysis, and field observation. To that end, information was collected and analyzed from 120 household heads living around the Biosphere reserve using a structured questionnaire. In addition, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used. Field observations were held for recording ecotourism potentials using digital camera and GPS. The data collected by the above methods were analyzed using SPSS version 21.
 Main Findings: The findings revealed that Sheka Biosphere reserve is endowed with attractive landscape scenery, fauna and flora and indigenous culture of the local community, which are the existing potentials for ecotourism development in the area, whereas, the current status of ecotourism development is at the lower stage as compared to its potentials. Soil fertility reduction, market problems, and the absence of ecotourism activities were the major socio-economic problems of the local community.
 Social Implications/Applications: Ecotourism development as a tool for sustainable environmental conservation and its implication can be useful for community livelihood.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: This study has shown that introducing ecotourism and development of infrastructures are central strategic directions for sustainable management of the Biosphere Reserve.

The existence of the Djuanda Forest Park near the urban area indirectly indicates that the area is close to the city community. The attitude of city people who tend to have an attitude of being able to take care of themselves without having to depend on others is feared to enter the surrounding communities and subsequently influence the development of Djuanda Tahura ecotourism. The research objective was to measure public perceptions of ecotourism and ecotourism objects in the Djuanda Forest Park, measuring community participation in the development of ecotourism in Djuanda Forest Park, and developing a strategy for increasing community participation in developing ecotourism in Djuanda Forest Park. The method used is observation, questionnaire, interview, and literature study. Communities strongly agree that ecotourism must meet indicators of community involvement, ecology, conservation, culture, education, and visitor satisfaction. The community considers that the Djuanda Tahura has beautiful ecotourism objects (highest average score = 4.61). The community values both ecotourism and the object of ecotourism because the community has a sense of care and sense of belonging to the Djuanda Tahura as an area that can provide benefits, both in ecological, social and economic aspects. However, community participation in ecotourism development is only in the implementation and acceptance of benefits and has participation in the form of personnel and expertise. Based on people's perceptions and participation, the community is at the lowest level of participation, so an SO strategy is needed, namely by utilizing all the strengths to make the most of opportunities . Keywords: Forest Park Ir H Djuanda , participation, perception, society, strategy

This research explores the influence of green infrastructure and community participation on sustainable natural resource management in Indonesia through qualitative analysis. Fifteen stakeholders, including government officials, activists, community leaders, NGO representatives, and scholars, were interviewed to gather diverse perspectives on the subject. Thematic analysis revealed key themes highlighting the critical role of green infrastructure in enhancing ecosystem resilience and biodiversity conservation. Additionally, community participation emerged as essential for fostering inclusive decision-making processes and empowering local communities in resource governance. Despite challenges such as funding constraints and power imbalances, opportunities for innovation and collaboration were identified. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of green infrastructure, community participation, and sustainable natural resource management, suggesting integrated approaches for addressing the complex challenges facing Indonesia's natural resources.

This research examined Indonesia’s policy responses to climate change and sustainable natural resource management during President Jokowi’s tenure. The study adopts a desk research approach, gathering data from various secondary sources, including scientific literature, websites, news, government policy documents, and official reports. The research highlights significant efforts made by Indonesia in addressing climate change, such as the signing and implementing of the Paris Agreement, commitments to greenhouse gas emission reduction, and the development of the Low Carbon Development Plan. It also discusses initiatives in sustainable natural resource management, including the moratorium on new licenses and improvements in forest and peatland governance. However, the research identifies several challenges Indonesia faces in tackling climate change, such as a lack of coordination between government agencies, resource constraints, and the need to enhance community participation in natural resource management. The findings demonstrate that while notable advancements in policy responses to climate change and sustainable natural resource management exist, further efforts are needed to achieve ambitious goals. Improved coordination among government institutions, clear incentives for subnational leaders, and adequate resource allocation are crucial factors in achieving sustainable development. This research comprehensively explains Indonesia’s efforts to respond to climate change and enhance sustainable natural resource management during President Jokowi’s tenure. It also offers recommendations to strengthen policy responses, including improving coordination, increasing community participation, and allocating sufficient resources to foster better sustainable development outcomes in the future.

According to IISD (International Institute for Sustainable Development) “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’’. However, many organizations focus on short-term profits while the contribution of human resource management towards sustainable development is pushed to the margins. Intensive labour practices, poor working conditions and poor work systems in Kenya are some of the issues that have been found not to contribute towards sustainability in organizations and in keeping with the 8th sustainable development goal of Promoting “sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all”. Lack of focus on sustainable human resource management practices will make it difficult for Kenya to achieve Vision 2030 as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-goals). Sustainable Human Resource management focuses on managing the people resources in an organization so as to achieve long-term sustainable goals that not only benefit the organization but also the society and the environment at large. This Paper is a literature review and analysis on sustainable Human Resource Management and its benefits to the employees, their families and society at large by exploring sustainable HR practices, sustainable work systems and sustainable resource management that also provide for the sustainable performance of organizations in keeping with the need for corporate sustainability. The paper also explores reporting on sustainable HRM practices as part of corporate sustainability reporting in Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed firms

Forest Village Community Institutions (Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan) generally use forest in the agriculture sector in accordance with instructions and capital support from Perhutani. LMDH Wana Cendana operates in the ecotourism sector without instructions and capital assistance from Perhutani. This study aims to analyze the implementation of empowering local communities (LMDH Wana Cendana) who do not have expertise in the field of forest management and ecotourism. The concept used is the empowerment of local communities and ecotourism with qualitative case study methods, thus promoting the novelty of cases and in-depth interviews with informants who are directly involved in the development of Gunung Dago ecotourism. Some previous research shows that empowerment does not prioritize local communities. The development of ecotourism in Dago Village, which began in 2019, prioritizes local potential and independent learning processes, so that local communities are able to transform ex-mining land into beautiful tourist attractions. The independence of the local community is reflected in its involvement in the ecotourism development process, from planning to implementation. In addition, local communities as managers are able to utilize local knowledge, culture and resources to improve the welfare of members without overruling the rules of forest conservation.