Abstract
Urolithiasis is a common disorder of humans and animals. The surgical intervention to correct the condition is expensive and alternative cheaper botanical treatments should be explored. Various botanicals have been shown in vitro not only to dissolute, but also inhibit orolith accretions. In this study the in-vitro efficacy, anti-urolithiatic potential and dissolution rate of aqueous and ethanol, chloroform, and ether extracts of Moringa oliefera roots on canine uroliths was investigated without simulation of in vivo experimentation. In the aqueous extract an average dissolution of calcium oxalate (CaOx) was 77%. The rate of dissolution of the Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) increased linearly. However, ethanol and chloroform extracts increased both the rates of dissolution by weight and surface area linearly. The oral use aqueous extracts is considered a safe measure in treating various clinical conditions including urolithiais in humans and animals. The dissolution rates of ortholiths in organic solvents are probably associated with the presence of organic compounds unique to the Moringa family. The potential of using moringha extracts may prove to be an ethno-veterinary practice to address urolithiasis in animals. Key words: Anti-urolithiatic, Moringa oliefera, dissolution rate, aqueous extract, magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP), calcium oxalate (CaOx)
Highlights
Urinary calculi, uroliths or kidney stones are accretions of solid mineral crystals within the urinary tract of human, goats and sheep and is a common clinical manifestation in the latter in Trinidad (Lans, 2001)
Calculi are of many types including magnesium phosphate (MAP), calcium carbonate (CaOx) including calcium oxalate which obstruct the passage of urine, in the ureter, dilating the obstructed ureter and renal pelvis
In vitro studies to dissolute or prevent uroliths formation of similar types as is found in humans include the use of aqueous leaf extracts of Phyllanthus niruri to dissolute CaOx (Khare et al, 2014) using aqueous alcoholic rhizome extract of Bergenia ciliate to inhibit and prevent CaOx formation in a synthetic urinary system (Saha and Verma, 2013) and using ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts, respectively, of Morus Alba L. and of Limnea procumbens of ethylene glycol induced oxalate otholith formation, but ameliorated by these extract using Wister rat models (Maya and Pramod, 2014; Makasana et al, 2014)
Summary
Uroliths or kidney stones are accretions of solid mineral crystals within the urinary tract of human, goats and sheep and is a common clinical manifestation in the latter in Trinidad (Lans, 2001). Moringa oleifera (Moringa or drumstick tree) root bark extracts have been found to reduce kidney elimination of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in propylene glycol induced hyper oxaluria using a Wistar rat in vitro model (Karadi et al, 2006; Karadi et al, 2008) The results of these two experiments suggest that there is a possible use of M. oleifera root aqueous extracts in ameliorating the formation of these two types of kidney stones in humans and animals (Karadi et al, 2006; Karadi et al, 2008)
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