Abstract
The research was accomplished in order to study the efficiency of natural zeolite to prevent acute toxicity of ammonia on Huso huso. The study was performed using Water static method for 96 h. Fish with average weight 46 ± 5 g and total length 22 ± 4 cm were exposed to four different concentrations (15, 30, 50, 75 mg L-1) of ammonia salt. A group of fish was considered as control. Under stable condition, the lethal concentration of ionized ammonia was 50 mg L-1 during 96 h. In the lethal concentration of total ammonia, different amounts of 5, 10, 15 g L-1 granulated clinoptilolite zeolite were used. Results indicate significant differences between treatments and also with control (p < 0.05). With increasing clinoptilolite zeolite in each treatment, the survival rate of fish also increased significantly (p < 0.05). In lethal concentration of ammonia, the use of 15 g L-1 zeolite could prevent the mortality rate. Histopathological findings showed that major lesions were hemorrhage, hyperemia, hyperplasia, epithelial cells necrosis, degenerated tubules of kidney, expansion of Bowman's capsule and hepatocytes necrosis. Key words: Ammonia, histopathological, lethal concentration, zeolilte, Huso huso.
Highlights
Ammonia is one of the most toxic metals to aquatic organism and ecosystems
The results obtained from 96 h toxicity experiments revealed that there was a significant difference between treatments with each other when ammonia concentration was increased in treatment (p < 0.05)
After the 96 h exposure, no mortality was observed in lethal concentration of ammonia using 15 g L-1 concentrations of zeolite (Table 2)
Summary
Ammonia is one of the most toxic metals to aquatic organism and ecosystems. Ammonia appears to have a direct effect on the growth of aquatic animals (Colt, 2006) and it causes a decreased growth, disease resistance (Lemarie et al, 2004) or even cause fish mortality in intensive culture (Wang and Walsh, 2000). The concentration of these elements above tolerable levels is a disturbance factor for species survival and ecosystem stability. The toxic effect of trace metals is influenced by environmental factors such as salinity, pH, water hardness and temperature (Lemus and Hung, 1999). All fishes are sensitive to minor fluctuations of ammonia.
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