Abstract
Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta) are the economic plants in Thailand that are widely cultivated in Northern and Southern Thailand. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activities, toxicity, stability and identify chemical components of the coffee bean extracts. The best extract that showed good biological activities will be further used to develop cosmeceutical products. Green and roasted coffee beans from two species were extracted with hexane following ethanol by maceration. Their antioxidant activities were detected by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. In addition, anti-tyrosinase activity was also evaluated. The results revealed that the ethanolic coffee bean extracts showed a higher level of antioxidant activity than in the hexane extracts. All extracts also possessed a considerable anti-tyrosinase activity, but less potent than kojic acid and arbutin. Chemical compounds of these extracts were determined using caffeine and chlorogenic acid as standards of reference by the thin layer chromatography and the high performance liquid chromatography. The green coffee bean extracts consisted of caffeine and chlorogenic acid while the roasted coffee bean extracts presented only caffeine due to a few chlorogenic acid content after the roasting process. The ethanolic coffee bean extracts that showed good activities were selected to be evaluated on toxicity and stability. The selected extracts were kept at various storage conditions to evaluate their stability using DPPH assay and anti-tyrosinase activity assay. The result showed that the extracts were not toxic to cells. Therefore, the extracts were safe to be components in skin care products. After the stability test, the extracts indicated a good stability and activities. These results led to the conclusions that the coffee bean extracts possess a good biological activities and are assumed to be promising natural active ingredients with a good stability profile for further development of cosmeceutical or anti-aging products. Key words: Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, green coffee bean, roasted coffee bean, antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase activity.
Highlights
Many factors such as environmental conditions, UV radiation, foods, stress as well as pollutants are all causes of free radicals formation in the body
The results showed that hexane green Arabica bean extract (HGA), hexane green Robusta bean extract (HGR) and EGA were semisolid with a yellow color and unique odor
The results showed that total phenolic content of the green coffee bean extract was significantly higher than roasted coffee beans, except ERR
Summary
Many factors such as environmental conditions, UV radiation, foods, stress as well as pollutants are all causes of free radicals formation in the body. Free radicals can induce many diseases such as different types of cancer, coronary artery disease, nervous system diseases, lung diseases and rheumatoid arthritis (Devasagayam et al, 2004; Pham-Huy et al, 2008). They play an important role in tissue aging, including skin aging (Farage et al, 2008; Poljsak et al, 2012). Coffea arabica (Arabica) is popularly cropped in the Northern part of Thailand while Coffea canephora (Robusta) is mostly cultivated in Southern Thailand They are different in the seed shape, smell and taste (Chuakul et al, 1997). Most of Arabica coffee is used in roasted and ground coffee for the domestic market
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