Abstract
This study evaluated antibacterial activity of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (pyrethrum) flower dichloromethane crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds; pyrethrin II, jasmolin I and cinerolone against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella sonnei. The isolated compounds were obtained by carrying out column chromatography on dichloromethane extract and purifying the fractions using preparative High Perfomance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR. The bioactivity of crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were determined using disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The MIC and MBC were determined using microdilution method. The bioassay results showed that individually isolated compounds were not active on all the micro-organisms except Jasmolin I which showed slight activity on P. aeruginosa with 7.7±0.6 mm. There was significant difference in the activity of the isolated compounds as a mixture and the activity of individual compounds on MRSA, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, with P= 0.01, P= 0.0002, P= 0.0007 respectively (α =0.05, Tukey’s test). Isolated compounds and isolated compounds as a mixture in a ratio of (1:1:1) were not active on S. sonnie. Those fractions and isolated compounds which caused inhibition zones of above 10 mm were subjected to MIC and MBC. The lowest MIC and MBC observed was for fraction 3 against MRSA which were 6.5 and 12.5 mg/mL respectively. The compound mixture had MIC and MBC of 25 and 50 mg/ml respectively against P. aeruginosa. Key words: MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), MBC (minimum bacteriostatic concentration), bioassay, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Jasmolin, Pyrethrin II, Cinerolone.
Highlights
Microbial infections continue to be a growing concern in the world due to resistance to current antimicrobial agents
Finding new biomedical uses of crude extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from C. cinerariaefolium would help in curbing bacterial infections besides increasing the demand of pyrethrum; help in reviving and revamping the pyrethrum industry in Kenya and other countries that had suffered from upsurge of pyrethroids
The Vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) extracts were subjected to antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), S. sonnie, and S. aureus
Summary
Microbial infections continue to be a growing concern in the world due to resistance to current antimicrobial agents. Plants remain the potential source of antimicrobial agents since time immemorial with about 60 to 90% of populations in the developing countries being reported to use plant-derived medicine as a traditional form of medicine against various bacterial infections (Alviano and Alviano, 2009). A decline has been seen in the production of pyrethrum globally in the recent years with countries such as Kenya, Papua New Guinea (Corbett, 2015), Tanzania (UNIDO, 2001), Australia (Moslemi, 2017) and Rwanda (Jongschaap, 2018) being affected. This is attributed to introduction of low cost synthetic pesticides known as pyrethroids (Grdiša et al, 2009). Finding new biomedical uses of crude extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from C. cinerariaefolium would help in curbing bacterial infections besides increasing the demand of pyrethrum; help in reviving and revamping the pyrethrum industry in Kenya and other countries that had suffered from upsurge of pyrethroids
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