Abstract
The endeavor of this paper was to review cancer immunotherapy which means the modulating and using of the patient’s own immune system to target the cancer cells rather than using an extrinsic means of therapy. The best way to prevent and remove infections is through the natural 'sterilising' action of the immune response that combines elements of both innate and adaptive immunity to ward off foreign pathogens without medical intervention. The use of immunostimulants, non-specific approach, for cancer therapy is one of the earliest approaches in immunotherapy that aims to enhance the activity of the lymphocytes that are already attacking to the tumour cells but are insufficient to produce a full-powered immune response. In this review, radioimmunotherapy (coupling a radioactive atom to a monoclonal antibody (mAb)), immunotoxins (generated by coupling plant-derived or bacterial toxins to mAbs), antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (an antibody is used as a vector to transfer an enzyme) and immunomodulators were among the discussed approaches to use mAbs as an anti-cancer. A new and promising immunotherapy that is especially highly effective against metastatic melanoma, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and different cancer vaccines were also reviewed in detail. Key words: Adoptive cell therapy, cancer immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, immunostimulants, monoclonal antibodies.
Highlights
Cancer immunotherapy, called biological therapy of cancer, means the modulating and using of the patient’s own immune system to target the cancer cells rather than using an extrinsic means of therapy
Another approach to use monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as an anti-cancer therapy is called antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) where an antibody is used as a vector to transfer an enzyme that is capable of activating an initially nontoxic drug, called a "prodrug," to a potently cytotoxic agent for tumour cells (Melton and Sherwood, 1996)
Passive therapy is based on the adoptive transfer of immunomodulators, tumor-specific antibodies, or immune cells while active immunotherapy, on the other hand, stimulates the patient’s immune system, with the intent of promoting an antigen-specific antitumor effect using the body’s own immune cells
Summary
Minda Asfaw Geresu1*, Awel Feku Sultan, Seifudin Kassim Ahmed and Gezahegne Mamo Kassa. The endeavor of this paper was to review cancer immunotherapy which means the modulating and using of the patient’s own immune system to target the cancer cells rather than using an extrinsic means of therapy. The use of immunostimulants, non-specific approach, for cancer therapy is one of the earliest approaches in immunotherapy that aims to enhance the activity of the lymphocytes that are already attacking to the tumour cells but are insufficient to produce a full-powered immune response. Radioimmunotherapy (coupling a radioactive atom to a monoclonal antibody (mAb)), immunotoxins (generated by coupling plant-derived or bacterial toxins to mAbs), antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (an antibody is used as a vector to transfer an enzyme) and immunomodulators were among the discussed approaches to use mAbs as an anticancer.
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