Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess farmers’ perception regarding the activities which degrade the soil and watershed and to analyze soil nutrients status under different agroforestry systems. The aim of the study was to identify and promote locally-known agroforestry-based practices for soil and watershed conservation in the savannah highland area of Cameroon. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 120 farmers purposively selected from 10 villages in the Ako sub division characterized by favorable environmental conditions for agricultural production and the presence of agroforestry systems. The 10 villages were classified following a stratified sampling based on the degree of degradation of the soil and the watershed. Ako sub division was chosen because it is a priority zone for agricultural production and some of the practices are unsustainable leading to soil and watershed degradation. Soil samples were collected from each of the agroforestry systems found in the villages sampled and were analyze for soil nutrients status. The soil nutrients that were analyzed are: Organic matter by the wet oxidation method; exchangeable cations; cation exchange capacity; total nitrogen by Kjedahl method; available phosphorus by Bray II method and carbon to nitrogen ratio. The results showed that farmers perceived poor farming methods (33.10%) and deforestation (29.58%) as the main activities degrading the soil and the watershed. The standard values developed were used to compare the level of soil nutrients in each agroforestry system. The results of the soil analysis under each agroforestry system in Ako indicated that, soils were highly deficient in phosphorus in all the systems. The values were very low in all the systems ranging from 0.21 in palm agroforestry system to 0.46 in cocoa agroforestry system. Based on the level of organic matter and cation exchange capacity observed in the different farms, the agroforestry systems that should be promoted are: Coffee agroforestry systems, and cocoa agroforestry systems. Key words: Cocoa and coffee-based agroforestry systems, soil properties, watershed, farmers’ opinion.  
Highlights
Watershed degradation marks the deterioration in hydrological behavior of river systems, which reduces the health and potential of land and water there by causing a water flow of inferior quality, quantity and timing
This is in line with the findings of Muia and Ndunda (2013) which indicated that the reduction of forest and OM (%) Total N (%) Ca (cmol(+)/kg) Mg (cmol(+)/kg) K (cmol(+)/kg) Na (cmol(+)/kg) Bray 2 – P cation exchange capacity (CEC) (cmol(+)/kg) C/N pH
The results showed that deforestation (29.58%), bush fires (15.77%), and poor farming practices (16.70%), were considered by farmers as the main activities which degrade the watershed respective of the degradation gradients (Figure 3)
Summary
Watershed degradation marks the deterioration in hydrological behavior of river systems, which reduces the health and potential of land and water there by causing a water flow of inferior quality, quantity and timing. Processes, predominantly human induced, have been a major source of conflict among various land and water users (Leslie, 2014). In the case of soil erosion associated with inappropriate land management practices, lack of effective planning and implementation for soil conservation are responsible for accelerating degradation (Wollega, 2017). Intense land cultivation, uncontrolled grazing and deforestation are common causes of degradation
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