Abstract
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Highlights
The American Environmental Movement & the CityIn 1800, some 320,000 Americans (6%), lived in urban areas
Results of this study reveal that today many of these organizations have transcended their traditionally antiurban roots, and have even come to appreciate the multiple ecosystem services provided by urban landscapes
The organizations below average include TNC (n=5, 22%), The Wilderness Society (TWS) (n=1, 4%), and DOW (n=1, 4%) (Fig 1). These results suggest that the efforts of the Sierra Club, National Audubon Society (NAS), and Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) provide the most diversity of ecosystem services to urban areas and residents, while TWS and DOW contributed the least
Summary
The American Environmental Movement & the CityIn 1800, some 320,000 Americans (6%), lived in urban areas. By 1920, 54 million Americans, half the country’s population, called the city their home During this same period, federal land policies encouraged the settlement of the vast frontier. George Perkins Marsh’s influential book Man and Nature (1864) addressed concerns about the waste of natural resources and land degradation in the U.S and soon “the perception of abundant unexploited lands teeming with wildlife and fertile soils began to turn to one of wasted resources and inefficient use” (Merchant 2002:127) In this “myth of the vanishing frontier,” Cronon (1995:76-77) argues, “lay the seeds of wilderness preservation in the United States [and an] ambivalence, if not downright hostility, toward modernity and all it represented”—including cities
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