Abstract
The study analyzed energy input-output of irrigated rice production at the Jere Bowl Borno State, Nigeria. One hundred and thirty farms were sampled through multistage sampling procedure. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and energy equations. The result showed that total of 36,397.85 MJ/ha of energy was consumed in the irrigated rice production with the highest energy input taken up by irrigation water (48.51%) and fuel (23.58%). The forms of energy estimated showed that direct energy contributed much to rice production (76.21%) than the indirect energy with 23.77%; similarly, renewable energy constituted higher energy (59.98%) to the production system, while non-renewable energy constituted only 39.99% of energy to the production system. The results on energy indices of rice production indicated energy ratio of 2.47, specific energy of 31.38 MJ/kg, energy productivity of 0.147 kg/MJ, water productivity of 0.103 kg/M3 and net energy of 53,598.71 Mj/ha. The lower values of energy indices indicate inefficient use of energy. The study recommended that farmers should adopt efficient and cost effective irrigation system which will ensure efficient utilization of energy. Key words: Input-output, energy, direct energy, indirect energy, renewable energy, indices, water productivity.
Highlights
Rice is a very important food crop in the world because it is the second largest cereal consumed after wheat which provides staple food for more than half of the world’s population with about 80% of its food calorie requirements (Inuwa et al, 2011)
The forms of energy estimated showed that direct energy contributed much to rice production (76.21%) than the indirect energy with 23.77%; renewable energy constituted higher energy (59.98%) to the production system, while nonrenewable energy constituted only 39.99% of energy to the production system
Level of energy consumption in rice production which is the total average energy used in various farm operations during rice production in the area was found to be 36,397.85 MJ/ha (Table 2)
Summary
Rice is a very important food crop in the world because it is the second largest cereal consumed after wheat which provides staple food for more than half of the world’s population with about 80% of its food calorie requirements (Inuwa et al, 2011). The production of rice in a system with high yield targets cannot be achieved without energy inputs such as energy in seed, fertilizer, pesticides and labour to the system. This energy is further categorized into direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energy. Direct energy is the energy consumed directly in the rice production e.g. human labour, animal labour, fossil fuels, and electricity.
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