Abstract
The present research aimed to evaluate the free and immobilized cell of Candida tropicalis NPD1401 for phenol degradation. Immobilized cell of C. tropicalis degraded efficiently up to 98% at a concentration of 1000 mg/l of phenol whereas free cells degraded up to 63% of the same concentration under 9 days of incubation. Stored immobilized beads were reused after 15 days and found to have successfully degraded 62.1% of phenol in the mineral salt medium (MSM). Growth of C. tropicalis was observed in the phenol containing medium by measuring the dry weight of biomass (0.89 g/l at concentration 1000 mg/l) and the degradation was monitored using analytical techniques. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis confirmed that phenol was degraded by ortho-pathways by the finding of metabolite cis, cis-muconic acid, phenyl phosphate and catechol. Next, isolated strain was identified on the basis of PCR amplification of sequence D2 region of the large subunit of 28S rDNA and it was confirmed as C. tropicalis. By observing the efficiency of the isolate it may be used for the further bioremediation purpose of the phenol contaminated site in the environments. Key words: Candida tropicalis, phenol, ortho-pathway, Cis-cis-muconic acid, immobilized cell.
Highlights
Phenol is one of the major toxic aromatic compound discharges from industry and enters into the natural ecosystem
Stored immobilized beads were reused after 15 days and found to have successfully degraded 62.1% of phenol in the mineral salt medium (MSM)
Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis confirmed that phenol was degraded by ortho-pathways by the finding of metabolite cis, cis-muconic acid, phenyl phosphate and catechol
Summary
Phenol is one of the major toxic aromatic compound discharges from industry and enters into the natural ecosystem. Phenol and phenol derivatives are released from petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceuticals, wood processing plants, paper and pulp, coke manufacturing and pesticide industries. Phenol is included as one of the most hazardous pollutants in the list of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Pishgar et al, 2011). Phenol is known as carbonic acid, phenic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide and or oxybenzene (Nair et al, 2008). Inhalation and dermal exposure of phenol cause irritation, anorexia, progressive weight loss, diarrhea, vertigo, salivation, and a dark coloration of the urine (EPA, 2002). Repeated phenol exposure causes renal damage, cardiovascular diseases and fatal for adult and children (ASTDR, 2014)
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