Abstract
The molluscicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Chromolaena odorata were investigated on adult, one week old juveniles and 3 to 4 days old egg-masses of Biomphalaria pfeifferi . Ten adults each were exposed to a serial dilution of 40, 80, 160, 240, 320, 400, and 480 ppm distilled water extracts and 20, 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 ppm ethanolic extracts of leaves of C. odorata. Twenty juveniles of uniform size each were exposed to 8, 20, 28, 40, 80, 120, and 160 ppm of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the same plant. The adults and juveniles were exposed to the extracts for 24 h. Thirty eggs each were exposed to 8, 20, 28, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for a period of 48 h. The experiments were repeated twice. LC 50 obtained with aqueous extract against eggs, juveniles and adults were 65.75, 75.59 and 217.57 ppm, respectively while these values were 44.03, 44.68 and 88.04 ppm, respectively for ethanolic extract. The LC 90 obtained with aqueous extract against eggs, juveniles and adults were 139.54, 249.54 and 288.96 ppm, respectively. These values were 119.03, 123.50 and 245.61 ppm, respectively for ethanolic extract. The plant extracts caused significant (P<0.05) mortality rates in the different stages of B. pfeifferi. C. odorata seem to be a promising plant molluscicide candidate and deserve further studies in order to identify and characterize its molluscicidal components. Keywords : Schistosomiasis, Chromolaena odorata, Biomphalaria pfeifferi , molluscicidal activities, LC 50 , LC 90 Vol. 12(4), pp. 438-444
Highlights
Schistosomiasis still poses a great threat to populations in different parts of the world, especially nonindustrialized countries, where it remains an important public health problem
C. odorata leaves aqueous extract was very potent against all stages of B. pfeifferi [eggs at 48 h (x2 = 20.58, df = 6; p < 0.05), juveniles at 24 h (x2 = 3.13, df = 6; p < 0.05) and adults at 24 h (x2 = 1.94, df = 6; p < 0.05)]
The R2 obtained with concentrations of aqueous extract of leaves of C. odorata were 0.9189, 0.7581 and 0.8441 on the eggs, juveniles and adults of B. pfeifferi, respectively (Figures 1 to 3)
Summary
Schistosomiasis still poses a great threat to populations in different parts of the world, especially nonindustrialized countries, where it remains an important public health problem. Schistosomiasis is caused by worms of the genus Schistosoma. Man is exposed to the risk of infection from the five species affecting him; Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma intercalatum, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma mekongi. Schistosomiasis is the second major parasitic disease in the world after malaria (WHO, 2011). It is estimated that at least 200 million people are currently infected with schistosomiasis and 800 million are at risk of infection (Carter Center, 2010). Estimates suggest that 85% of all schistosomiasis cases are in sub-Saharan Africa (Chitsulo et al, 2000; WHO, 2011). According to the Carter Center (2010), 22 million people are infected in Nigeria, this include 16 million children
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