Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) interferes with the production of tomato. The indiscriminate use of chemical nematicides brings negative consequences to society. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crambe extract on the control of M. javanica, with different modes and application times, in tomato. Studies were conducted during the 2014 cropping season at the climatized greenhouse located at the Biological Cotrol Complex and Protected Cultivation. Prof. Dr. Mario Cesar Lopes, belongs to State University of West Parana- UNIOESTE, campus Marechal Cândido Rondon, Parana, Brazil. The experiment was laid out in a factorial design. The roots of tomato seedlings were immersed in the extract, with different modes of application (roots + soil, roots + leaf, roots + soil + leaf), in four different times of application (before inoculation; during the inoculation; after inoculation; and weekly until 45 days after inoculation). Seven days after the transplant of tomato plants was performed, evaluations were made for the inoculation of 2.500 eggs of M. javanica (and 513 J2) per pot, and 45 days after inoculation. For egg mass, times after inoculation and weekly were efficient, with greater reduction by way of root + leaf and root + soil, respectively. The reduction of total root-knots was efficient for the weekly time by way of root + soil and root + soil + leaf, and lesser than 41 and 47.75% compared to the control. In the repetition of the experiment, for modes by root + soil + leaf in weekly applications, eggs mass and total root-knots were lesser than 60.95 and 27.95% compared to the control. Although, other methods and application times also present positive results in reducing J2 and eggs per gram of root and per 100 cm3 of soil, the weekly time by way of root + soil + leaf confirmed their results in a repetition of the experiment with reduced population M. javanica. Key words: Solanum lycopersicum L., root-knots, egg mass, induced resistance, nematode
Highlights
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most popular vegetable in Brazil (Belan et al, 2011) and its area under cultivation has increased within decade, from 60 thousands há in 2005 to 6 5 thousands in 2014 (IBGE, 2015)
The reduction of total root-knots was efficient for the weekly time by way of root + soil and root + soil + leaf, and lesser than 41 and 47.75% compared to the control
Other methods and application times present positive results in reducing J2 and eggs per gram of root and per 100 cm3 of soil, the weekly time by way of root + soil + leaf confirmed their results in a repetition of the experiment with reduced population M. javanica
Summary
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most popular vegetable in Brazil (Belan et al, 2011) and its area under cultivation has increased within decade, from 60 thousands há in 2005 to 6 5 thousands in 2014 (IBGE, 2015). Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) causes annual estimated losses of $118 billion to crops in the world (Atkinson et al, 2012). Root-knot nematodes are found in tropical and temperate regions and are among the most damaging pathogens worldwide (Trudgill and Blok, 2001). This genus makes drastic changes in root development, to induce and keep on the giant cells, which are power supply to the nematodes (Caillaud et al, 2008). Giant cells are the result of cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia and symptoms are associated with root-knots and reduction in volume of the root system, and the plant soak up less water and nutrients, resulting in lesser crop yields (Ferraz and Monteiro, 2011). When the second stage juvenile (J2) infects a root and establishes its feeding site, a reprogramming of the cells correlated with gene activity in the metabolism, protein synthesis, cell division and transport, and signal transduction takes place (Gheysen and Fenoll, 2002)
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