Abstract
Recreating human organ-level function in vitro is a rapidly evolving field that integrates tissue engineering, stem cell biology, and microfluidic technology to produce 3D organoids. A critical component of all organs is the vasculature. Herein, we discuss general strategies to create vascularized organoids, including common source materials, and survey previous work using vascularized organoids to recreate specific organ functions and simulate tumor progression. Vascularization is not only an essential component of individual organ function but also responsible for coupling the fate of all organs and their functions. While some success in coupling two or more organs together on a single platform has been demonstrated, we argue that the future of vascularized organoid technology lies in creating organoid systems complete with tissue-specific microvasculature and in coupling multiple organs through a dynamic vascular network to create systems that can respond to changing physiological conditions.
Highlights
In vitro model systems are lower throughput but are more physiologically relevant as they increase in complexity. (Left to right) 2D monolayer culture is inexpensive and high throughput
3D in vitro systems of microvessels used either a single suspension of endothelial cells (ECs) or EC-coated microbeads embedded into extracellular matrix (ECM) gels such as collagen, fibrin, or Matrigel [6, 7]
Microfluidics-based techniques to create perfusable vascular networks can be broadly categorized into two major areas: (a) vascular patterning and (b) self-assembly
Summary
Angiogenesis, self-assembled vasculature, microphysiological systems, organ-on-a-chip, tumor-on-a-chip
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