Abstract
Recently, the design and development of nanozyme-based logic gates have received much attention. In this work, by engineering the stability of the nanozyme-catalyzed product, we demonstrated that the chromogenic system of 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) can act as a visual output signal for constructing various Boolean logic operations. Specifically, cerium oxide or ferroferric oxide-based nanozymes can catalyze the oxidation of colorless TMB to a blue color product (oxTMB). The blue-colored solution of oxTMB could become colorless by some reductants, including the reduced transition state of glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase. As a result, by combining biocatalytic reactions, the color change of oxTMB could be controlled logically. In our logic systems, glucose oxidase, β-galactosidase, and xanthine oxidase acted as inputs, and the state of oxTMB solution was used as an output. The logic operation produced a colored solution as the readout signal, which was easily distinguished with the naked eye. More importantly, the study of such a decolorization process allows the transformation of previously designed AND and OR logic gates into NAND and NOR gates. We propose that this work may push forward the design of novel nanozyme-based biological gates and help us further understand complex physiological pathways in living systems.
Highlights
IntroductionOne of the extensive applications and promising developments for nanozymes is in the biocomputing system, which makes noteworthy progress in the logic gate operations that follow the laws of Boolean algebra [9,10,11,12,13,14]
We guessed that the co-existence of glucose and glucose oxidase (GOx) would produce the reductive transition state (FADH2), which could reduce oxTMB to TMB
Based on the above NAND and NOR gates, we further demonstrated the operation of a Boolean logic system to calculate (A NAND B) AND NOT C by employing three enzyme inputs (β-gal, GOx, and xanthine oxidase (XO))
Summary
One of the extensive applications and promising developments for nanozymes is in the biocomputing system, which makes noteworthy progress in the logic gate operations that follow the laws of Boolean algebra [9,10,11,12,13,14]. Owing to the demand for computer miniaturization, Boolean logic systems have been implemented at the molecular levels. Logic gates are realized based on molecular switching or chemical reaction. The merging of nanotechnology with biology has ignited extensive research efforts for the design of logic gates and computer components based on nanozymes. A better understanding of the mechanism and design of the next-generation molecular logic systems has become urgent for further development
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