Abstract
In our efforts to address the issues of Si based anodes for Li ion batteries, such as limited active mass loading, rapid capacity degradation and low scalability in manufacturing, we reported a scalable, high mass loading, and additive-free Si nanoparticles (NP) deposition based electrode, but the achieved capacity and cycle life were still limited. In order to improve the reversible capacity and cycling stability of this Si NP deposition electrode, in this work, we have investigated various substrates for Si deposition, including carbon paper (CP), preheated CP and stainless steel felt/mesh (SSF/SSM), and their influences on the electrochemical Li-ion storage performance of the Si NP electrodes. Meanwhile, protective encapsulations of amorphous carbon or silicon nitride on Si NP has been performed and the capabilities of these coatings in improving the cycling stability of Si NP electrodes have been researched. It is found that a carbon-coated Si NP deposition on an SSM substrate achieves an extraordinary cycling stability in electrochemical Li-ion storage for 500 cycles with an average capacity loss of 0.09% per cycle, showing significantly improved commercial viability of Si NP deposition based electrodes in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries.
Highlights
Si nanoparticles (NP) deposition or thin film has been regarded as one of the most promising solutions to commercialize the Si anodes in Li-ion batteries attributed to multiple advantages:[40] (i) Industrially scalable techniques have been developed for Si deposition, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which has been widely used in solar photovoltaic production with a high throughput and scalability. (ii) It allows the absence of binder, increasing the overall capacity zE-mail: F.M.Mulder@tudelft.nl of the electrode. (iii) Si deposition can be performed on any shape with any size,[41,42] demonstrating great potential in a broad scope of application
We have reported a Li-ion battery electrode of a high mass loading (>2 mg cm−2) Si NP/CP electrode (Si NP) deposition on a porous carbon paper (CP) substrate with interconnected nanoscale porosities allowing for the filtration of liquid electrolyte and facilitated Li-ion transport
The electrochemical performance of the Si NP/HTCP electrode has been achieved by galvanostatic dis-/charge of the Si NP/HTCP electrode at 0.8 A g−1 in Li-ion half-cells (Figures 1f–1g)
Summary
The Si NP/CP electrode achieved a high capacity (∼ 600 mAh g−1 at 0.8 A g−1 for 2.0 mg cm−2 Si NP) and stable cycling in Li-ion batteries for 100 cycles benefiting from a locally protective SiOx-derived SEI formation on individual Si NP clusters that maintains the structural stability over cycling.[43] the initially irreversible Li loss needs to be reduced, and the cycling stability and cycle life of the Si NP deposition based electrodes still has to be largely improved to enhance the commercial viability.
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