Engineering push–pull structural versatility in highly functional carbazole-based hole transporting materials design for efficient perovskites solar devices

Abstract

This study proposes a push–pull molecular engineering strategy to design highly functional hole transport materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The strategy involves introducing acceptor-anchor groups via benzene spacer to the versatile carbazole core containing dimethoxytriphenylamine side groups, resulting in a series of nine newly designed HTM moieties (BEN-A1 to BEN-A9). Quantum simulation protocols using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods were employed to investigate the designed HTMs. Our results demonstrate that the designed HTMs exhibit promising charge separation and transport throughout the molecule with lower spatial hole-electron overlap at the carbazole core, resulting in 98% intrinsic charge transfer and small exciton binding energy (0.003–0.108 eV). The HTMs also exhibit stabilized HOMO energy levels (by up to 0.13 eV) approaching the threshold (−5.38 eV) with appropriate HTM/Perovskite energy levels alignment, suggesting excellent charge extraction and higher VOC. Optical analysis shows that our proposed HTMs exhibit large stokes shift values (82–108 nm) and transparent absorption in broader visible region, enabling full utilization of light for perovskite layer for photocurrent generation, efficient energy conversion, reduced thermalization losses, and improved spectral selectivity. The HTMs exhibit smaller hole reorganization energy (0.111–0.137 eV) and higher transfer integral, indicating robust hole mobility owing to enhanced carbazole core functionality. Furthermore, higher negative solvation-free energy values (−16.19 to −20.89 kcal/mol) and elevated dipole moments imply better solubility and surface-wetting properties. Overall, this study broadens our understanding of push–pull molecular engineering for versatile carbazole-based HTMs, which have immense prospects for efficient and functional application in PSCs.