Abstract

The in-situ reduction of GO to rGO and simultaneous deposition of TiO2 and varying concentrations CaIn2S410 % (rGO-C1), 20 % (rGO-C2), and 40 % (rGO-C3) resulted in the formation of robust photocatalysts for the degradation of aqueous (azo and thiazine) dyes methylene blue (MB), congo red (CR) and real wastewater. Batch experiments were performed to analyse the effect of pH, catalyst dose, initial dye concentration and time. Compared to other synthesised composites, rGO-C2 demonstrated enhanced photodegradation activity, with a degradation efficiency of almost 100 % within 25–30 min. A possible mechanism for the photodegradation of dyes was also proposed, and post-degradation products were analysed using the LC–MS technique. The kinetic studies show that the degradation efficiency of rGO-C2 followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics (k = 0.027 min−1. The rGO-C2 photocatalysts demonstrated excellent photocatalytic degradation in real textile industry wastewater and landfill leachate wastewater. It displayed excellent recyclability and stability up to the four-cycle.

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